Inventoo little inventory, as such, inventory control is principally concerned with acquiring the correct balance or compromise between these two extremes. It is therefore, the extent that should be held that management is interested in.

1.2 Inventory managementOrganization’s stock is an important component and its management is imperative to the company and cost lessening of the firm’s use. lationship with customers and the believe in customer satisfaction.1.

4 Aref Contractor Company natureAref Contractor Company is providing all materials, labor and equipment such as cars, tools, engineers and services required to build the project. The main contractor is the person who hires the workers to perform construction work.1.5 Problem BackgroundInventory management is important to both the contractor company and manufacturing company . The availability of goods and materials that have the right amount of finished products, components and / or raw materials is essential to the success of a business. For example, if a company that sells goods or services has insufficient inventory, sales may be lost when customers access another company to purchase available goods or services. The cost to the business can increase, because costs associated with overstocking may include, but are not limited to, maintenance, storage, depreciation, amortization, loss of assets, such as money, net interest income, and / or inventory impairment. In any case, over-inventory will allocate capital that can be used more effectively elsewhere.

Manufacturing companies or contracting companies face many challenges. In this regard, a manufacturer may require a variety of manufacturing parts / components used in the manufacture of a good. Inventory of inadequate workforce from these components can result in production delays, delivery delays, and ultimately, low customer satisfaction.

As? To determine the extent of inventory management techniques application in Aref Contractor.? To establish the challenges of inventory management implementation techniques in Aref Contractor.? To examine basic action models (such as EOQ), safty stocks also amount of work.? To find out how much the company loses by using quantitative volumes (EOQ).? To determine if there is a relationship between inventory level and production level and customer services.

? Determine if there is a relationship between the inventory level and the profitability level of Aref Contracting Company.? Finally. Make recommendations for improvement181.8 Research Questions? The research questions (RQ) for this study are:? Objective 1. What is the amount of economic order of the Aref Contracting Company ?? Objective 2. Does the company buy in the amount of the economic order?? Objective 3. What basic inventory models are most common for contractor companies and manufacturing companies?? Objective 4. What should be the size of the inventory?? 5.

Is there a link between inventory levels and profitability?1.9 Scope of Research of the company. This is what happened here, when we try to examine and examine the past and present work that deals with inventory management and the development of an economic quantity model suitable for contractor companies. The subject of inventory management has sparked much debate in public debates, workshops and symposia, at the local, national and international levels, between public institutions and policy makers, organizations and academics. Various efforts have been made through the management of new businesses through projects, incentives, etc. For the organization of workshops in the same field.

A study of most scripts ? Inventory Management Techniques? Re-Order Level? Economic Order Quantity? Just-In-Time.? Vendor Managed Inventory? Activity Based Costing ( ABC )? The balanced scorecard2.2 Inventory managementInventory management could be a bargains with administration of settled and current resources. Moreover, it involves the management of day by day operational supplies and in our case. Stock is additionally a basic resource in any organization in22spite of the fact that agreeing to Barnes (2008) stock is looked at as a risk beneath the just-in-time (JIT) control framework.

He agrees with the way accountants treat stock as an resource to the organization. Within the explanation of money related position, stock shows up beneath the current resources of the organization in any case whether it’s for benefit or not for benefit organization. Stock plays a major role and its administration goes a long way in making a difference a firm to develop because it relates to its external customers as well as the inner clients In any case, the management of stock is important because the firm will be keen to guarantee that its resources and stock are well managed and request estimating is improved to avoid spontaneous acquirement. Stock can double up as stock and resources respectively. Therefore, when an organization improves request estimating, it enables the minimization of operational costs as well as client satisfaction (Hines and Bruce, 2007). When this is often done, it enables an organization plan for the longer term consequently applying different factors that an organization can use for its objective achievement to be specific: request and supply, taken a toll and staff requirements.

232.3 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF INVENTORY PROBLEMS: Although inventory problems are as old as history itself, it has only been since the turn of the century that any attempts has been made to employ analytical techniques in studying these problems. The initial impetus for the use ear picture of the inventory system.

24Figure 1 An input-Output representation of an Inventory System.2.5 PROBLEM OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT:The problem of inventory involves the formulation of decision rules that answer two important questions:1. When to place an order (or configure it for production) to restoreinventory?2. How much should you ask for (or produce) for each supply? the decision-making rules should aim to meet the expected demand at a minimum or maximum cost of benefits. (Puche, J., Ponte, B., Costas, J.

, Pino, R. and De la Fuente, D., 2016).25In many situations, our assumptions about known quatity and zero or constant delay are not valid. Demand and delay are often variable quantities, so we know best only their probability distribution.

If we assume that the question and the delay are random variables, the analysis of the inventory management problem will become very complex. It has been found, however, 2.6 Inventory management techniquesInventory management techniques are extremely critical for business operations because their success and cost decrease of the firm’s use require improved supply chain performance and information to the workers (Lambert, 2008). These procedures are basic and information in them is profoundly desirable in this way, managers and obtainment staff need to be able to apply the procedures for the advantage of the organization (Fellows and Rottger, 2005).Wild (2002) suggests, proper warehousing of stock so that when products items are requested, they are kept at the warehouse for the least time possible minimizing holding cost of stock. Consequently, other operational costs may increase inventory management costs.

The way an organization is able to maintain its costs at low levels the way better it is for the year end profits (Palevich, (2012), Wisner, Tan and Leong (2011)). Organizations purchase and sell their stock; there continuously arises balance at the end of the year which have to be be carried over to the next year. Once an organization realizes this, it can create online stock management tool to monitor its stock information by breaking it down into groups by26connecting the categories with its clients. Since organizations works differently in numerous fields, the stock can be classifies by either seasons or financial year conclusion of your most critical clients thus, request forecasting got to be employed to have an proficient supply chain (Poiger, 2010).2.

6.1 Re-Order LevelAs organization endeavor to achieve effectiveness, they should be able to understand their ReOrder Levels (ROL) which empowers them know when to order and when not to order. This may be accomplished through the use of quantitative strategies which require proper inventory management (Apte, 2010). Re-Order level is critical for Aref Contractor Company to attain optimal efficiency and be successful leading to high supply chain performance and client satisfaction, at that point they need to have two reorder levels one that’s normal whereas the other is an emergency one in case of disaster (Beamon and Kotleba, 2006). helps in having zero holding costs, (Schonberger, 2008). In this way, as27organizations try to progress on the stock management, the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) and Re-order Point (ROP) are critical tools that organizations can use to guarantee that stock supply does not hit a stock out as explained by Gonzalez and Gonzalez (2010). Over time, organizations have been keeping up their stock in a haphazard way which has required a To determine the economic order quantity given the fixed demand assumption, we canevaluate the following model:D = Total annual demand in unit29Q = Economic order quantity in unitmponents, we get total inventory cost for the period:TC = D/Q Co + Q/2 Cc31Review that this variable can be controlled by management to yield the least cost for inventory amid a particular time period.

From Fig. 2.5.2 we know that optimum solution is that quantity (Q*) that can therefore be gotten by setting the equation for ordering cost equals to the equation for carrying cost and solving for Q: thus:Annual carrying cost = annual carrying costCc Q/2 = DCo/QCc Q2 = 2DCoQ2 = 2DCo/CcGiven the assumption of fixed demand, the equation can be utilized in finding the economic order quantity (Q*), which is equal to the square root of 2 times demand (D) times ordering cost (Co) divided by carrying cost (Cc) For example; assume the following example:D = 3000 units per annumCo = N30CC = N2 per unit per year34To obtain the Economic order quantity, we evaluate the basic equation using the values for demand, ordering cost and carrying cost.

Q = ?(2 × 300 × 30 ÷ 2)?(900)Q = 300 unitsThe optimum order quantity is 300 units. Observe that a total of ten order will be placed.35D = 3000 = 10Q* = 300For a total cost due to ordering of 300.

Average inventory will be 150 units.Q*/2 = 300/2 = 150an inventory carrying cost will equal N300. Therefore, total inventory cost will be equal to N600.362.6.3 Just-in-timeJust-in-time (JIT) is a positive performance to the company . Inventory should be managed by using JIM to reduce loses and customer`s satisfaction.

Invontory management in organizations that kept too much stock in their warehouse were an wasteful supply chain, whereas those that kept very few stock in their warehouse were exceptionally productive (Lai and Cheng, 2009). Thus, it was found out that keeping direct stock is nice and it empowers an organization work minimal costs of holding costs as well as keep setup cost at bare minimum, increase unwanted lead time and produce goods as per clients order. Eventually, this empowers an organization accomplish total quality control (TQC) as efficient and successful supply chain management are employed inside a firm’s value chain (Datta, 2007).Figure 3 Source: manufacturingtomorrow.com372.6.4 Activity Based Costing AnalysisFellows and Rottger (2005) agree that having stock in your store has an advantage for the organization since clients will be satisfied immediately .

With stock in your warehouse, an organization has the advantage of timely delivery . Thus, Aref Contractor Company got to rs will have already recharged their inventory. The key viewpoint here is communication which should be planned well from the starting of business relations between the supplier and the customer (Frahm, 2003). Vendor managed inventory saves an organization immense finance and time since the supplier will be able to monitor its customer’s stock levels and make a point of replenishing them. As the client and supplier connected, the communication channel has to be clear and quick so that they may avoid instances of stock outs. Where the client expects having an irregular order levels, they should notify the supplier so that they can adjust their production to cater38for the demand.

Moreover, we presently have Joint Managed Inventory (JMI) which is an progress level of vendor managed inventory (VMI). It looks for to integrate the supplier more firmly into the customer’s organization by using the point of sale (POS) which permits the supplier to see the real time data of its customer’s stock (Frahm, 2003).2.6.6 The balanced scorecardThe balanced scorecard has been used to evaluate the quality of inventory management performance measure and its improvement. In any case, the balance scorecard complements financial measures of past performance with measures of drivers of future performance. The objectives and measures for organizational inventory management performance come from four perspectives; financial, client, internal process and learning and development (BPP, 2008). Consequently, Aref Contractor Company Balance scorecard in relation to transport management has been molded to upgrade its transport and requirements owing to the fact that it has multi-discipline functionalities in its operations.

The It is expected that the application of Economic Order Amount, Marginal Analysis, and Just-in-Time, will improve Aref Contractor Company performance. As the staff gets it the strengths of having these strategies, at that point the unnecessary costs caused will be avoided. Therefore, the strategies will progress performance within the following ways:No Inventory Management Techniques How Performance Improvement will be achieved 1 Economic Order Amount Ability to know how much and when to replenish stock 2 Activity Based Costing Analysis The organization is able to account for each inventory according to its classification and this can be achieved through the Pareto analysis . 3 Just-in-Time Requesting stock when they are required thus reducing instruments and other means of information collection were found convenient for this study because they helped to induce the view of the literate members of the company . Secondly, in a investigate work of this nature, where information collected will be totally analyzed, the researcher considered it very shrewd to use more of questions in order to avoid gathering of information that will have very small or no pertinence to the subject matter beneath study. Also, considering the kind of respondent being tended to, it was found most attractive because it does not require expound reply.

Most of the questions are basic “yes” or “no” type. However others are such that require the respondent to rate a statement into choices; such as “strongly agreed”, “undecided”, “disagree” etc. The survey, generally utilizes a printed format that efficiently indicates all the questions as well as the arrangement to which they are to be presented. All these steps were made for easier investigation of information and result.

3.2.2 SECONDARY SOURCESThe result of existing literatures on stock management helped in~measurablyi n directing the researcher during the study. Other secondary sources of information include:1.Newspapers2.Magazines and Periodicals3.

Reference books and Dictionaries434.Course reading materials5.Secondary information also exists within the company6.Examination of the company’s yearly reports and journals.3.3 Pilot surveyA pilot overview was carried out to eliminate all ambiguous questions from the study instrument used. The pilot study was similarly carried out since the level of understanding contrasts among the respondents.

The sample for this pre-testing was drawn from the company reviewed. The pilot study empowered the researcher to test the respondents’ attitudes to the questions and terms used.3.4 Sample techniquesFor easier collection of information, only Aref Contractor Company was used as a case study, since all others might not be covered as a result of time and financial constraints. The observations and results got from the company were used to generalize and predict what is obtainable in all other contractor companies, particularly within the areas of their stock management.443.5 PROCEDURE AND TECHNIQUES FOR DATA ANALYSIS:Majority of the questions within the survey have relevance to the speculation and investigate questions raised earlier. Information from the different questionspany’s books.

However, from the available information, relationship between certain variables were determined and analyzed. The relationship that existed between variables have been tested within the speculation for validity and reliability. Information for writing survey were obtained from relevant books. Most quantitative information were drawn from the accounts office of the Aref Contractor Company.3.6 SummaryThis study sort to answer the questions what is the inventory management techniques application,