Management orientations The form and substance of a company’s response to global business opportunities depend greatly on management’s assumptions or beliefs -both conscious and unconscious ? about the nature of the world. The worldview of a company’s personnel can be described as ethnocentric, polytechnic, recognition, and geocentric. Management at a SQ. Explain the role of political environment scanning in international marketing. What is political risk? Answer. Environmental scanning is the communication of external information about facts that could influence an organization on its’ strategic decision-making process.

It is a method of analyzing relevant gathered information and use to determine strategic and premeditated action on the business environment. The environmental SQ. How are the international markets segmented on the basis of development? Answer. International marketing research International Market Research is a particular discipline of Market Research, focusing on certain geographical areas.

International Market Research is concerned with consumer goods, but also with any resource or set-vice within value chain which will be commercially utilized or further processed – which is the area of industrial SQ.Differentiate between national and international products, global and standardized products with examples. Answer. Product adaptations (also called differentiation or localization or customization) come in several forms. Marketing strategies in a country- by-country basis are tailored with the peculiarities of the local market. By this, product adaptations are considered as necessary strategy in order to cater to the different needs of customers in various SQ. Write short notes on: ) Centralization b) 4 PL operators Answer.

The benefits of centralization take place over three main dimensions: Transport costs. The main transports costs benefits of centralization are jointly the outcome of lower transshipment costs and economies of scale applied to maritime shipping and terminal operations. Since containers cargo is subject to less damage as well as lower theft levels, insurance rates are generally lower. Another significant benefit is that the container itself becomes the minimal load unit, implying that a wider range of exporters and SQ.