CHAPTER 1Introduction Background of the StudyDengue infection is an outstanding disease. It is caused by four kinds of infections for the most part DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4 originate from the Flaviviridae family. The infections are spread through the chomp of tainted Aedes aegypti mosquitoes that bolster for the duration of the day.

For the most part, these mosquitoes can be found in places with dormant water, including water tanks, tires, holders, and puddles. A few impacts of this contamination are influenza-like ailment and deadly sickness which is extreme dengue. As of late, the instances of dengue have risen too much around the globe. An expected 390 million dengue cases are accounted for every year, 96 million indicated plainly. Another report, of recurrence of dengue, figured 3.8 billion individuals, in 128 nations are in peril as a result of dengue infections.

The occurrence of dengue cases related, raised from 2.2 million to 3.2 million out of 2010 to 2015 separately. Despite the fact that the worldwide burdens of disease is temperamental, the establishment of exercises to account at first shows the due growth in the quantity of cases recorded in going before years. More than 100 nations in the WHO areas of Africa, America, the Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia, and the Western Pacific districts are confronting this issue. Already the quantity of recorded cases has continued emerging. Just about 2.

3 million instances of dengue were recorded just in America in 2015. 10 300 cases were perceived as serious dengue coming about 1180 deaths (Bhatt S, 2015). Broadly, the Philippines has announced dengue cases. Locales where most influenced by dengue are Central Visayas, Central Luzon, Calabarzon, Metro Manila and Soccsksargen. Dengue happens broadly and done during the time in the Philippines particularly in urban and pre-urban spots. Transmission of the disease occurs all through the stormy season, May down to November (International Association for Medical Assistance to explorers, 2016). 43, 780 cases, 250 deaths and 85 losses were accounted for and recorded by the Department of Health. For the most part, there were 6,281 dengue cases in Central Visayas, 5,146 in Central Luzon, 5,008 in Calabarzon, 5,565 in Metro Manila, and 4,863 in Soccsksargen.

There likewise territories influenced by dengue infection including Cebu (12%), South Cotabato (6.4%), and Pampanga (4.7%) (The Manila Times). Locally, there is additionally various dengue cases. As indicated by the yearly horribleness record of Maco Main Health Center in September 2017, there are 4 individuals were influenced by dengue in Maco. Dengue infection is a notable disease. Research Questions1.

)  Is calamansi peels efficient in killing larvae?2.)  What are the components of calamansi peels that can kill larvae?3.)  How effective are calamansi peels in keeping a place safe from mosquitoes?4.)   What would be the duration of the effectiveness of calamansi peels in killing larvae?5.

)  Is our study more beneficial than commercial larvicide? Null HypothesisThere is no significant effect in killing larvae using calamansi peels. Review Related LiteratureCalamansi is a little, round citrus organic product that is basic in the Philippines. Calamansi, otherwise called Citrofortunella microcarpa originate from Rutaceae family and a prominent citrofortunella in light of the fact that it is an intergenetic cross breed between the attribute of a citrus and Kumquat. All over the world, there are well-known names for calamansi including calamonding, calamondin orange, brilliant lime, and Philippine lime. It is extensively refined in numerous spots the world over including Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, and China. The accessibility of this natural product can manage from start to the finish of the year in the Philippines. A few people utilized it for embellishment or as a fancy tree than to look it as a natural product bearing tree.

The span of the Calamansi organic product goes to 23-35 mm in distance across. The shade of the mash of a mature Calamansi and its peel is orange (http://www.fruitsinfo.com Retrieved: January 6, 2018).  Calamansi’s lime juice has numerous advantages, it has a pectin content that can treat hack and cool and can bring down blood     cholesterol, additionally it is bottomless in Vitamin C that can counteract tooth rot and agony, dental caries, discharging of blood in the gums and debilitating of bones (http://www.

fruitsinfo.com Retrieved: January 6, 2018) Calamansi citrus has discovered a few therapeutic employment. At the point when rubbed on creepy crawly nibbles, the juice will assuage the tingling and diminish the bothering. It can likewise be utilized as a characteristic skin break out drug or taken orally as hack prescription (regularly blended with green tea) and is a characteristic calming. For issues with obstruction, the juice is warmed and weakened with water.

It blanches spots and clears up skin inflammation vulgaris and pruritus vulvae. In Malaysia, it is utilized as a remedy for harm, and a poultice of pandanus leaves blended with salt and the juice of citrus microcarpa, can be utilized to treat abscesses. It is joined with pepper to help oust mucus. Its root is utilized as a part of the Philippines at labor.

(https://vanscott.wordpress.com Retrieved January 6, 2018)Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) organic products or privately known as “Kalamansi” is generally developed in Philippines and is utilized as a fixing nearly in each renowned dish made in the Philippines. Just the mash were pressed and is required, the peels are simply discarded. It has a place with the family Rutaceae. It is an intergenetic half and half between an individual from Citrus reticulata or “tangerine” and “kumquat” or Fortunella japonica.

The calamansi tree has a stature of 3 to 5 meters high, and is erect, slim, thickly extended near the ground, marginally sharp, and bears expansive oval, dim green leaves at first glance, yellowish underneath, sweetly fragrant white blooms with 5 elliptic-oval petals, and organic products that are round that is about 4.5 cm wide with thin, sweet-smelling peel with unmistakable pores. The mash have 6 to 10 fragments that is hued yellow to orange, extremely delicious, seedless or with 1 to 5 little ovoid green seeds inside. It has been known not just for its reviving juices and flavors, yet in addition for its therapeutic employments.

Calamansi organic product might be pulverized and use to cleanser in hair or might be connected into scalp subsequent to shampooing for hair development and help of tingling. “Calamondin” juice may be additionally connected and rubbed on mosquito chomps to dispose of bothering and tingling. It additionally blanches spots and clear up skin inflammation vulgaris if connected routinely. Juice is additionally taken orally as a hack cure and is in some cases joined with pepper, to oust mucus. It can likewise be weakened and smashed warm as a fecal conditioner. Refined oil of the leaves can go about as a carminative for having an unpredictable oil substance of 0.90% to 1.06%.

Research found that the leaves of the evergreen bush of kumquat (Fortunella japonica) which is regular in China, what’s more, has a place with a similar family Rutaceae with Calamondin (Citrofortunella microcarpa) has hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, and antioxidative impacts.Calamansi is luxuriously developed in the Philippines, its normal yearly per capita utilization is as waste. Citrus organic products, for example, Calamansi, is used predominantly for its mash and squeeze, the rest of the organic product or the squeezed mash, covering of mash fragment, seeds, and the skin are viewed as biggest wellspring of citrus squander, figuring out how to use it will likewise help the condition. Since Calamansi has a place with citrus family it would now be able to be used as wellspring of home grown pharmaceutical. On the off chance that its potential use as natural solution is investigated it can likewise help in the diminishment of ecological contamination (International Journal of Food Engineering, 2017).

Additionally, Calamansi peel has four surely understood hydroxycinnamic acids including caffeic, ferulic, p-coumaric and sinapic acids that were considered in the methanolic removes. It held the biggest number of aggregate phenolic acids. Phenolic corrosive is a sort of synthetic compound as beta-carotene called a polyphenol. Polyphenols have different components like flavonoids and stilbenes (http://www.verywell.

com  Retrieved: January 6, 2018).  The phenolic mixes 2,6-diiodophenol (2a) and 4-chloro-2,6-diiodophenol (2c) have diverse lethality and larvicidal conduct. The compound 4-chloro-2,6-diiodophenol (2c) demonstrated the most astounding lethality for hatchlings of Ae. aegypti and A. salina, displaying higher poisonous quality than 2,6-diiodophenol (https://file.scirp.org Retrieved: January 6, 2018).Mosquitoes fill in as a vector for different tropical and subtropical sicknesses which make ruinous impacts human.

They don’t just transmit parasites and pathogens yet they additionally wellspring of unfavorably susceptible response that incorporates nearby skin and foundational affectability. The most well-known ailments related with mosquitoes are dengue fever, chikungunya, yellow fever and the most noticeably bad, dengue hemorrhagic fever where Aedes aegypti is one of the mosquito animal types in charge of the transmission of these vector-borne sicknesses.World Health Organization (WHO) expressed that around 2/5 of the worldwide human populace are at present debilitate of dengue and the ideal approach to control the transmission of dengue infection is battling the mosquitoes that reason the sickness. Dengue is a standout amongst the most critical viral maladies transmitted by Aedes aegypti on the grounds that it torments people worldwide whose side effects running from mellow fever to an extreme and conceivably hazardous hemorrhagic illness. Aedes aegypti is of incomparable concern in view of its wide conveyance and close relationship with people. Aedes aegypti is available in intensely dirtied zones like Asia, America, and some Pacific Islands and pervaded around 2/3 of the total populace. The detailed dengue cases in the Philippines from January to June 2012 have just achieved 32,193 across the nation, 3.8% higher for a similar period a year ago.

Because of the pathogenic illnesses and genuine damages caused by mosquitoes, controlling them has been the essential subject of a few new sorts of research in the course of recent years. The system in controlling mosquitoes relies upon the larval stages (egg, hatchlings, pupae, and grown-up) on target. Mosquito control incorporates focusing on the grown-up mosquito through showering substance bug sprays or by murdering the mosquito hatchlings before they develop into grown-ups by means of utilizing engineered larvicides or organic concentrates as an elective larvicide. Be that as it may, the utilization of engineered larvicides forces dangers to human wellbeing as well as to the biological system since when they are connected into the earth; they may remain on for quite a while or even stay there without end. Manufactured larvicides additionally disturb normal natural control frameworks that occasionally brings about a boundless improvement of protection (International Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 2016).Mosquito hatchlings usually called “wigglers,” live in water from 4 to 14 days contingent upon water temperature.  Hatchlings of all species must rise to the top at visit interims to acquire oxygen through a breathing tube called a siphon. Hatchlings of Coquillettidia and Mansonia have altered siphons that enable them to penetrate the stems of emanant vegetation in water and draw their oxygen from the plant in this procedure.

Hatchlings are always encouraging since development requires an enormous measure of vitality and sustenance. They hang with their heads down and the brushes by their mouths separating anything sufficiently little to be eaten toward their mouths to sustain the developing hatchlings. They feast upon green growth, microscopic fish, parasites and microbes and different microorganisms. They breathe at the water surface with the breathing tube up breaking the water surface pressure. The hatchlings of a couple of mosquito animal types are barbarian, bolstering on hatchlings of different mosquitoes: Toxorhynchites and some Psorophora, the biggest mosquitoes are known, are predators of other mosquito hatchlings sharing their natural surroundings. Their hatchlings are considerably bigger than other mosquito hatchlings.

 Amid development, the hatchling (sheds its skin) four times. The phases between sheds are called instars. At the fourth instar, the standard hatchling achieves a length of just about 1/2 inch and toward the finish of this instar stops encouraging. At the point when the fourth instar hatchling sheds, it turns into a pupa (The American Mosquito Control Association, 2016)Hardly any creatures on Earth bring out the animosity that mosquitoes do. Their bothersome, disturbing nibbles and about universal nearness can demolish a terrace grill or a climb in the forested areas. They have an uncanny capacity to detect our dangerous aims, taking off and vanishing milliseconds before a lethal swat. Also, in our rooms, the persevering, whiny murmur of their humming wings can wake the soundest of sleepers. (National Geographic, 2013).

Past the irritation factor, mosquitoes are transporters, or vectors, for some of humankind’s most savage sicknesses, and they are open for number one in the battle against worldwide irresistible infection. Mosquito-borne illnesses cause a huge number of passing worldwide consistently with a lopsided impact on kids and the elderly in creating nations. There are more than 3,000 types of mosquitoes, yet the individuals from three bear essential duty regarding the spread of human ailments. Anopheles mosquitoes are the main species known to convey intestinal sickness.

They additionally transmit filariasis (likewise called elephantiasis) and encephalitis. Culex mosquitoes convey encephalitis, filariasis, and the West Nile infection. What’s more, Aedes mosquitoes, of which the ravenous Asian tiger is a part, convey yellow fever, dengue, and encephalitis. Mosquitoes transmit malady in an assortment of ways.

On account of jungle fever, parasites join themselves to the gut of a female mosquito and enter a host as she nourishes. In different cases, for example, yellow fever and dengue, an infection enters the mosquito as it bolsters on a contaminated human and is transmitted by means of the mosquito’s salivation to a resulting casualty. Mosquitoes utilize breathed out carbon dioxide, personal stenches and temperature, and development to home in on their casualties. Just female mosquitoes have the mouth parts important for sucking blood. While gnawing with their proboscis, they wound two tubes into the skin: one to infuse a chemical that represses blood coagulating; the other to suck blood into their bodies. They utilize the blood not for their own food but rather as a wellspring of protein for their eggs.

For nourishment, the two guys and females eat nectar and other plant sugars. The main silver coating to that billow of mosquitoes in your garden is that they are a dependable wellspring of sustenance for a huge number of creatures, including flying creatures, bats, dragonflies, and frogs. What’s more, people are really not the primary decision for most mosquitoes searching for a feast. They for the most part favor steeds, steers, and winged creatures.

All mosquitoes require water to breed, so annihilation and populace control endeavors as a rule include evacuation or treatment of standing water sources. Bug spray splashing to murder grown-up mosquitoes is additionally far reaching. Be that as it may, worldwide endeavors to stop the spread of mosquitoes are having little impact, and numerous researchers think an Earth-wide temperature boost will probably build their number and range. Significance of the Study            The aftereffect of the investigation expects to help the general public in keeping their well-being against mosquito causing dengue infection and to reduce the dengue cases in the worldwide, national and nearby scales. Besides, the investigation could be of significance to the accompanying: Medical Practitioners. The consequence of the investigation will give them data and extra information on the medical advantages of Calamansi peels.

Family and Community. The consequence of the examination will influence the individuals from the family and individuals in the group especially the individuals who are influenced by the dengue fever and will show them how to keep the expansion of hatchling and mosquito.            Future Researchers. The examination will give them foundation data about phenolic acids that can be found in calamansi peels. Definition of Terms            The following terms are herein defined both conceptually and operationally:Hydroxycinnamic Acid. (For example, ferulic, caffeic, sinapic, and p-coumaric acids) Are a gathering of mixes exceedingly inexhaustible in sustenance that may represent around 33% of the phenolic mixes in our eating routine. In this study, hydroxycinnamic acid is one of the fighting agents that can support phenolic acid in preventing the growth of larvae.

Phenolic acid. This is also called as phenolcarboxylic acid, kind of sweet-smelling corrosive compound. Incorporated into that class are substances containing a phenolic ring and a natural carboxylic corrosive capacity (C6-C1 skeleton). In this study, phenolic acid is the component of Calamansi peel that can kill mosquito larvae.Larvicide. This is an insecticide that is specifically targeted against the larval life stage of an insect and their most common use is against mosquitoes.

 It may be contact poisons, stomach poisons, growth regulators, or (increasingly) biological control agents. In this study, larvicide will be used for the experiment as Calamansi peel powder to kill mosquito larvae. Scope and Limitations:·        This study is primarily focuses on killing larvae.·        The product should be applied in the following areas: Stagnant water, old tires, puddles, containers.

·        The Calamansi peel powder is exclusive in killing larvae and prohibited to be intake.·        Also, our study focus on the effectiveness of the Calamansi peels.            CHAPTER 2Materials and Methods            In this chapter, you will know the materials to be used and procedures how to make a larvicide using Calamansi peels into powder.

Statistical treatment will also be presented.Research Design            The researchers will use Completely Randomized Pre-Test and Post-Test Experimental Research Design. The study will use 50 mosquito larvae which where distributed into two treatments. The two treatments will be divided into two groups for the testing of control group (commercial larvicide) and experimental group (Calamansi peel powder) and will be administered to the different group respectively.Experimental Design            The following groups of mosquito larvae were used for the experiment: Group 1, 25 mosquito larvae were administered with 1 teaspoon commercial larvicide (control group), Group 2, 25 mosquito larvae were administered with 1 teaspoon Calamansi peel powder.Insect             50 mosquito larvae from San Roque, Maco, Compostela Valley were used in the study.

  Procedures:Collection of Plant Material            ½ kilogram of Calamansi fruits were bought at Maco Public Market and prepared for the peeling.Preparation of Plant Material             The researchers washed the ½ kg. Calamansi fruit and peeled it using a knife and put it in a bowl. Grinding of the Peeled Calamansi Fruit            After peeling, they dehydrated it in the oven within 170 degree in 12 hours.

Then, they grinded it using a food processor and put it in the bottle.