CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTIONBackground Education is the whole of life practice that people attain and which empowers them to deal with and drive fulfilment from living in the world. This is because it permits them to realize social capacity and individual growth. It is on this foundation that it is said that worth of a nation’s Education is comparative to the level of its success (Aduwa ;Uwameiye, 2006). Education is also as a corner stone of economic and social development of the nation and the investment in education enhances productivity towards achieving developmental goals (Milanowski, 2014). National policy on Education (FRN, 2013) pointed out that education is compulsory and a right of every Nigerian irrespective of gender, social status, religion, ethnic background and any peculiar individual challenges, and education maximizes the creative potential and skills of the individual for self-fulfilment and general developmental of the society.

It further stated that philosophy of Nigerian education is based on the development of the individual into sound responsible citizen, and the provision of equal opportunities for all citizens of the nation at basic, secondary and tertiary levels in and outside the school system. Education, according to Akpan (2014), is a process by which the values of society are transmitted across generation through a well defined method such as knowledge, skill, attitudes, believes. The availability of instructional resources refers to components that are operational for a desirable period of time for profitable use. Availability of instructional resources in Upper Basic school such as model, charts, pictures are all meant to make teaching and learning permanent among children. Aramidek;Bolarinwa (2010).Oladosu (2015) stated the guidelines for utilization of instructional resources as; preview materials which is the step to be taken to ensure the accuracy and appropriateness of the materials.

This is done to erase technical difficulties that could arise, prepare materials which is to gather-up all the media and support materials, practice using the media and determine the sequencing of the instruction, prepare the environment which is the movement of material and people to aid utilization. This includes the setting-up of facilities where the instruction will take place, rearranging classroom seating and lighting and present the Instruction. The availability and utilization of instructional resources are vital of the sustenance of improved participation of students in learning.

Iyunade (2014). One of the factors affecting students’ performance in Basic Technology according to Adejumo (2008) was non-availability of standard workshop, tools and equipment for teaching various concepts in Basic Technology. He stated that students need equipment and tools for a particular activity or purpose.

Absence of these tools and equipment may hinder Basic Technology teachers to teach effectively and students not being sound in practical activities which is one of the major objectives of including this subject into the curriculum.Curzon (2007) points out that utilization of instructional resources Basic Technology classrooms widens the channel of communication between teachers and their students. The instructional Resources allows the growth of specific learning abilities and enhances intellectual and motor skills. To facilitate effective interaction between teachers, learners and subject matter, there should be utilization of instructional resources (Chandra, 2005).Bolick, Benson, Coutts and Heinecke (2003) observed that while some educators are fascinated by the potential of instructional resources in enhancing teaching and learning, other teachers lacked behind in using instructional materials to teach. However, achieving these laudable goals of conscientious utilization of instructional resources in Basic Technology teaching and learning has been very challenging in some schools. A key feature of effective teaching is the selection of instructional materials that meet the needs of students and fit the constraints of the teaching and learning environment. Reigeluth (2012).

However, various researches have been carried out in the past, on utilization of instructional resources by teachers, in teaching Basic Technology. The major objectives of Basic Technology education in Nigeria is for the youths to be able to explore the fundamentals vocational competencies and also to be well in tune with Scientific and technological world, so as to contribute maximally to the economic growth and development of the nation (FRN, 2014).Nwafor and Eze (2014), in a study to determined the availability and utilization of instructional resources in teaching Basic Science In selected secondary schools in Abakaliki education zone of Ebonyi state, Nigeria. The research discovered that apart from two-dimensional instructional materials, most schools lack other valuable very important instructional materials for teaching. Fisch, Shalom, & Rosemarie (2005), In order to ensure an effective and teaching learning process, it is important for the teacher to be thoroughly acquainted with the teaching resources and services available to him. The components of instructional resources available to teachers are in large numbers and also vary according to the functions of each component. Instructional resources refered to resources that are used to facilitate teaching and learning. It enables the teacher communicate ideas or concepts with ease as they appeal to many senses at a time (Munchi 2008).

The learner can see, touch, smell or taste thereby making learning more meaningful. Basic Technology is designed to enable the learners develop interest in science and technology, acquire basic knowledge and skills in science and technology, and also apply their scientific, technological knowledge and skills to meet societal needs. (Abioye 2006). He stated further that If these objectives will be achieved, then efforts should be made to provide adequate instructional resources to Nigeria Upper Basic Schools in teaching of Basic Technology and to encourage its effective use. He also pinned that despite the emphasis placed on the usefulness of instructional resources in teaching and learning process, most students still find it difficult to cope with the study of Basic Technology in schools. This may have resulted from lack of or underutilization of instructional resources by teachers. Instructional resources are teaching aids in learning activities.

They are used to help transfer information and skills by the teacher to the learner. They are available and utilized in teaching and learning environments such as schools, seminars and workshops. Instructional resources includes; textbook, educational media, (library media print, non-print, and electronic resources), computer software, videotapes, films, DVDs, and instructional television programs.

All these represent fundamental resources for school in enhancing instruction ,further the pursuit of knowledge and providing experiences of educational significance to learners (Gene, 2013). Ijaodola (2010) refers to instructional resources as objects or devices which help the teacher to make learning meaningful to the learners. Similarly, Legget (2005) classified instructional resources into two types: as visual materials, made up of reading and non-reading materials and audiovisual materials comprising electrically operated and non-electrically operated materials. Instructional resources as the name suggests are materials of visual, audio and audio-visual category that helps to make concepts abstracts and idea concrete in the teaching and learning process. They are also materials which the teacher uses to facilitate learning for better results.

Likewise, it is the use of the chalkboard, charts, models, overhead projectors, films, television and computers in teaching process. Akinpelu (2011). He also stated that it is not just the use of tools of technology alone but a systematic integrated organization of machines hard wares and soft wares to the solution of problems in education. The influence of instructional resources in promoting students’ academic performance in teaching and learning educational development was indispensable. Instructional resources are used by teachers to teach, facilitate teaching and learning, which make a successful transfer of knowledge from the teacher to the learner, make lessons explicit to learners. Jekayinfa;ALloyd, (2011). Moreover, If instructional resources is well utilized, it will give the students real experiences of what the teacher is teaching, so it is the duty of the teacher to ensure that the materials to be used as instructional resources are not only available but also accessible to him and affordable.

Abioye (2006). Basic Technology is a subject that depends on the use of numbers of resources. Ijaodola (2010) summarized those resources as textual like books, audio-visual and human resources. They stated that these resources are either used individually or collectively in any meaningful Basic Technology teaching and learning situation. Jekayinfa (2011) opined that instructional resources are used for teaching and learning.

Instructional resources help learners to gain facts and develop cognitive process. Instructional resources in classrooms need to reflect the most recent information, research and academic contents standards. This instructional resources must provide a vivid demonstration of subject been taught.

(Jimoh, 2010).Ajelabi (2005), explained that technology was derived from the Greek word “Techne” meaning art of skill and “Logia” meaning science or study. He therefore define Technology as knowledge and creative processes that may assist people to utilize tools, resources and systems to solve problems and enhance control over the natural and man-made environment in an endeavor to improve the human condition.

Technology in this statement involves the Purposeful application of knowledge, experience and resources to create processes and products that meet human needs. Basic Technology is a phase of general education designed to introduce the leaner to acquaint him/her with the basic process, material and product of industries.(Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2014).

The Basic Science and Basic Technology Curriculum provides that the teaching and learning of both subjects should be both practical and theoretical in nature (FRN, 2014), as subjects that deals with skills, creativity and critical thinking, whose major purpose is to expose the learner to scientific knowledge and technological rudiments. Basic Technology is a subject offered by students at the Upper Basic Schools level (J.S.S. 1 – J.S.S.

3). This subject was design to: develop the interest of students in science and technology, apply scientific and technological knowledge and skills to meet contemporary societal needs, take advantage of numerous career opportunities provided by science and technology, among others. (Basic Science and Technology Curriculum 2012).Statement of problemOnasanya;Adegbija carried out a study on the type of instructional media technology used by the then Junior Secondary School teachers in Kwarastate, they concluded that learning was more effective when it occurs in interactive setting that was mostly promoted through the use of instructional media technology. (Onasanya;Adegbija, 2007)Abioye (2006) stated that Some teachers find it difficult to effectively teach Basic Technology as a subject due to the performance of the students because of inadequate resources for teaching. This study wishes to address to what extent is availability and utilization of instructional resources in teaching Basic Technology in Upper Basic Schools students could be achieved. Lack of standard Basic Technology workshops and other necessary tools and materials are parts of the factors contributing to poor performance of students in Basic Technology in Nigeria according to Ivowi, (2000) in accordance with School Advisor(2018) that Government (public) schools have fewer facilities and technology compared to private schools. This study examined the availability of Instructional Resources and difference between private and public schools utilization of Instructional Resources for teaching Basic Technology in Upper Basic Schools.

Purpose of study The main purpose of this study was to examined the availability and utilization of instructional resources in teaching Basic Technology in Upper Basic Schools in Ilorin Metropolis, kwara State. Specifically, the study would:1. find out the instructional resources which are available in upper basic schools in Ilorin metropolis. 2. examine how Upper Basic Technology teachers react to the utilization of instructional resources for teaching Basic Technology.

3. examine the reaction of male and female teachers towards the use of instructional resources in teaching Basic Technology. 4. examine the difference between private and public schools utilization of instructional resources for teaching Basic Technology in Upper Basic Schools Research Questions The following research questions would guide this study:1. what instructional resources are available for teaching Basic Technology?2. how do Upper Basic Technology teachers react to the utilization of instructional resources for teaching Basic Technology?3. what is the reactions of male and female teachers towards the use of instructional resources in teaching Basic Technology?4. What is the difference between private and public schools utilization of instructional resources for teaching basic technology in Upper Basic school?Research Hypothesis H01: Is there any availability of Instructional Resources for teaching Basic Technology?H02: Is there any reaction of Upper Basic Technology towards the utilization of Instructional Resources?Ho3: Is there any significant difference in the level of utilization of instructional resources by male and female teachers?Ho4: Is there any significant difference in the level of utilization of instructional resources between private and public upper basic schools?Significance of the study The result of this study could be used to improve the teaching of Basic Technology in Upper Basic Schools and as well enhance students’ performance when exposed to facilities that could be used for teaching the subject.

The findings of this study might be of benefits to the students, teachers, curriculum designers, government, school administrators, professional organizations, (NGOs) and future researchers. The teaching learning process would be more enjoyable on the part of the students because of the opportunities to interact with new and existing instructional resources leading to acquisition of new skills that would enable them fit into present world. Instructional resources helps the students to identify a problem and suggest a possible solution to improve teaching. It would also helps the teachers to have effective teaching during teaching because it is an approach that would enable better performance which are easily achieved than when conventional approach is used. This findings would be beneficial to curriculum designers to include the use of instructional resources in teaching Basic Technology. Also it would help the government to know the types of instructional resources to be provided for upper basic schools.

This study would also help the school administrators in the day to day activities of running the school as there are need to improve the quality of teaching and learning of Basic Technology. The result of this study might encourage stakeholders to organize seminars and workshops that would inform individuals on the need to incorporate instructional resources in teaching and learning. The finding of this study would also encourage Non-government organization (NGOs) to provide necessary support to schools in Nigeria by donating facilities that would enhance students’ performance.

The result of this study would serve as a reference point to fellow researchers who are willing to carry out a similar study. Scope of study The study focused on upper Basic School’s Basic Technology teachers on availability and utilization of instructional resources in Ilorin Metropolis. This study covered forty nine(49) upper basic schools in Ilorin metropolis, both private and public schools covering three(3) local governments which are Ilorin south, Ilorin west and Ilorin east. The study discovered how Basic Technology teachers utilizes instructional resources for teaching Basic Technology and the types of instructional resources that are available in their schools. The study also found out the importance of instructional resources for teaching and learning Basic Technology. Operational definition of termsAvailability : The quality of being able to used or obtained instructional resources. The fact that instructional resources can be bought, used or reached.

Utilization : The action of making practical and effective use of instructional resources. Instruction: This is the Imparted knowledge by instructional resources. Instructional Resources :These are the materials or tools used in educational lessons, which includes active learning and assessment. Basically, any resources a teacher uses to help him teach his/her students is an instructional material.Basic Technology: This a subject offered by students at the upper Basic School level.Upper Basic School :This is the class of J.

S.S 1 – J.S.

S 3.CHAPTER TWOREVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREIntroduction This research was designed to assess the availability and utilization of instructional resources in teaching basic technology in upper basic schools in Ilorin metropolis, Kwara state. This chapter presents some relevant studies in relation to instructional resources for Basic Technology . The review of related literature was presented in this chapter under the following sub-titles: a. Nature, Scope and Objectives of Basic Technology Curriculum in Nigeria .b.

Concept of Instructional Resources in Education.c. The Importance of Instructional Resources in Teaching and Learning Process. d. Concept of Teaching and Learning Process.e. Factors that Determine Quality Teaching and Learning Process.

f. Relevance of Instructional Materials in teaching Basic Technology. g. Impact of Effective Utilization of Instructional Resources.h.

Guideline for Selection of Instructional Resources.i. Appraisal of Related Literature Review.Nature, Scope and Objectives of Basic Technology Curriculum in Nigeria :According to Olaniyan (2007) Basic Technology was introduced to Nigeria education system, 6-3-3-4 as Introductory Technology in 1982 as a result of the newly defined National Policy on Education that came into being after the National Curriculum conference of September, 1969. The conference held in Lagos to previewed old and identify new national goals for Nigerian Education at all levels with respect to; the needs of individual youths and adults in task of nation building and the social and economic needs, aspiration and well-being of our society.

Basic Technology as a subject in the then Junior Secondary School Curriculum provides significant supports for the implementation of the aim to reduce ignorance about technology and help to lay a solid foundation for the true national development (FRN 2004). Through television, human beings seek to influence each other’s behaviour at every level, in the homes, work places, on the streets, in schools and everywhere (Onasanyan;Adebija, 2007). The Basic Technology curriculum designed to fulfil three specific objectives namely; to provide pre-vocational orientation for further training in technology, to provide basic technology literacy for everyday living and to stimulate creativity (FRN, 2004). It was hoped that if these laudable objectives are achieved, there would be a great revolution in the science and technology education and consequently and acceleration of technological development of the country. In other to realize these objectives however, there is need to play a lot of attention to the actual implementation process i.

e. the teaching and learning situation (Ogungbe, 2002). However, due to restructuring of curriculum, Basic Technology as a subject was brought out from Introductory Technology in 2012 to impart the knowledge of science and the understanding of the world around, and also imparting practical training of various types of vocational skills.

(FRN 2012). Basic Science and Technology are compulsory subject in the nine(9) years basic education program. It purpose is to contribute to the achievement of the national education goals by; developing students interest in science and technology, acquiring basic knowledge and skills in science and technology. applying scientific and technological knowledge and skills to meet contemporary societal needs taking advantage of the numerous career opportunities provided by science and technology, becoming prepared for further studies in science and technology, avoiding drug abuse and related vices and been safety and security conscious (National Curriculum for upper Basic Education, 2012). The 2012 revised curriculum cover the following five(5) themes for Basic Technology; understanding basic technology, safety, materials and processing, drawing practice and tools, machines and process. (National curriculum for Basic Education, 2012).

Concept of Instructional resources in EducationInstructional materials refer to a great variety of resources, which the teacher can use to instate the points he wishes to emphasize in his teaching to make his lesson vivid and more interesting (Eze, 2000). According to Kunle and Akanbi (2000), instructional materials are information carriers designed specially to fulfil objectives in a teaching-learning situation. SimilarIy, Njoku (2000) defined instructional materials as any human and material resources used by the teacher to promote greater understanding of learning experience. These resources serve as information carriers designed specifically to fulfil objectives in teaching-learning situation. They are used to complement the teacher’s effort in the classroom. They vary from very simple and inexpensive ones, such as the chalkboard, flat pictures, diagram, illustration and maps to more complicated ones like the television, movie projectors, slides and films strip projectors.

Stressing on the importance of instructional materials in the study of Basic Technology ,Onochie (2000) noted that Basic Technology requires plenty of teaching aids without which the subject cannot be taught effectively. This shows that teaching aids actually stimulate interest and motivate learning. They help to develop keen observation, which is needed in arts and quite indispensable in science and technology. According to Moneme (2000), teachers’ main problem then, becomes how to impart knowledge to the students so that they would understand and comprehend it. Therefore, the duty of the teachers is to resort to ways of imparting the knowledge to the students through mediated instruction. From the above statement, we know that the success of a teacher depends on his ability to use instructional materials.

Researches so far made on teaching-learning communication, understanding and retention of what was taught point at the vary fact that usage of instructional materials is the bedrock of education success. This was the view of Sanders (1974) when he observed that “you remember 10% of what you hear (what I hear I forget): you remember 50% of what you hear and do (what I see I remember): you remember 90% of what you hear, see and do (what I do I know)”.Onochi (2000) discovered that some teachers find it hard to use instructional materials. May be because of Lack of interest, resourcefulness or inadequate training on how to use materials, these teachers teach without materials. Some factors that must be considered in the selection of instructional materials according to Onyejernezi (2000) are as follows; relevance of instructional materials to objectives, the target population for whom the materials are to be used, the degree of satisfaction derived by children in using the materials and the flexibility in and easiness of using the materials and the cost of the materials in relation to the effectiveness. She also noted the following as the educational values accruing from the usage of instructional materials; they supply a concrete basis for conceptual thinking and reduce meaningless word responses of pupils, they make learning more permanent, they have a high degree of interest for pupils, they offer a reality of experience, which stimulates self-activity on the part of pupils, they develop a continuity of thought; this is especially true of motion pictures, they contribute to growth of meaning and hence to vocabulary development and they provide experience not easily obtained through other materials, and contribute to the efficiency, depth and variety of learning. On the importance and advantage of improvisation and on using locally made instructional materials in teaching learning process, STAN (2000) noted that homemade materials are very important and have several advantages. They are cheap and effective.

They help to make Basic Technology real and concrete. Concerning benefits got from improvisation of instructional materials, Nnolim (2000) stated that there are numerous benefits derived when teachers involve themselves and the learner in the Improvisation of their own instructional and learning materials, The use of five senses thus sight, touch, taste, smell and hearing have much role to play in human leaning..Onwuegbunam (2000) stated that instructional materials could be referred to as “teaching aids” since it directs the attention of the learner faster to the said or intended knowledge and concepts. To Farrant (1964), instructional materials are aids to learning rather than aids to teaching.

According to Taylor (1991), neither the teacher’s pastoral nor his tutorial functions can be replaced. The most austere approach is to employ a chalkboard and book. A teacher in action is not just function of words. For this sense of activity to be possible, the things that the child is learning from must be there when he needs them. They must have some measure of performance whether contrived or natural, they must provide a collection of physically existing, stable objects from which the child can learn. Material resources are categorized into projected and non-projected materials. Projected materials are apparatus for projecting photographic images, films, and slides etc. on the screen, Non-projected materials cannot be projected.

Such examples are chalkboard, textbook, radio, tape recorders, pictures, postern, cartoon, charts, wall charts, flash cards, periodicals, reference books, fiction and non-fiction. In some textbooks, teaching resources are broadly categorized into three main groups namely: Visual Aids: These are resources that relate to the sense of sight which make a lasting impression on the learner. They include charts, maps boards, pictures, among other. Audio Aids are relate more to the sense of hearing. Examples are radio, tape recorders, and human voice. Audio-visual Aids are combination of the external senses especially seeing, and hearing. They include television, and cinema.

All these aids help to sustain attention, retention of information or concept and serve as reference materials. Abioye, (2006).The Importance of Instructional Resources in Teaching and Learning Process.

The immense importance of instructional resources in the process of teaching and learning cannot be look down upon. Many educationists agree that instructional resources bring about improvement in the teaching and learning process as well as permit teachers and students to interact as human being in a climate where generally and equally agree that the creative use of variety of instructional resources will increase the probability that students would learn more, retain better and bring about the skills they expected to perform. According to Onasanya&Adegbija (2007), all through the ages the fact has been again that instructional resources help to learn better. Apart from ability to process meaningful sources of information, instructional resources helps the teachers with the means of extending his horizon of experience as well as providing the teacher with rich sources of procuring communicative materials which could be produced jointly by the teacher and students. Oguntanti (2000) is of the opinion that, no matter how professional a teacher is, his/her interaction with students might not yield an effective outcome as compared to teacher that make use of such versatile materials in his/her teaching. Therefore, a teacher needs to support his/her teaching with appropriate materials in order to advert the lesson.

In the same vein Ozorehe (2000) said that instructional resources aids teachers’ competence and effectiveness of instruction in class control. It makes the learning environment not attractive, appreciable, conductive, bearable and realistic, the learners’ attention is better controlled and sustain. Fakomogbon (2000) also reported that instructional materials posses the quality of influencing the psychological, motivational and structural position of learners. It aids the achievement of any one of the following in the teacher learning process : attention and motivation, orderliness in classroom, lesson presentation, recall and remembering, guidance, active participation and response, feedback, assessment of performance and evaluation. Instructional materials are used to provide required environment to improve student knowledge, abilities and skill, monitor assimilation of information and to contribute to their overall development and upbringing. Instructional materials play important roles in making the instructional process interesting, captivity, aid understanding, retention and retrieval. Instructional resources can be defined as those items such as book and other printed materials, video and audio recordings, computer software and digital content which are used as part of the instructional process, Timothy, Donald, James and James (2006) sited by Oladosu (2015).According to Sulaiman (2013) instructional Resources used to facilitate learning for better results, like wise it is use of the chalkboard, chart models overhead projectors, films, television and computer in teaching process.

Similarly, Orugbemi (2008) opined that electrical operated instructional resources are handling and processing of information using electronic devices. It simply means the creation, collection, storage, processing, transmission, display and use of information by the people and machine. They can also be referred to as the technologies used for assessing, processing, gathering, manipulating and presenting or communicating information.

Facilities according to the American Association for Vocational Instruction Materials (2002), are the classroom, laboratories, workshop and equipment.Concept of Teaching and Learning Process Quality education in schools has been strongly associated with effective teaching and learning process. This was dependent on high learning, frequent homework given to pupils by the dedicated teachers, use of a variety of teaching strategies and student assessment to identify areas of progress and areas that need further attention (Williams, 2011). In view of these, teaching and learning processes tend to be one of the key factors in determining achievement of quality education in sense that it looks at what happens in the actual exercise of teaching and learning and it is dependent on the teacher’s attitude and aptitude. Since the teaching determines the depth and breadth of pupils’ learning effect, teachers who articulate it have to be skilled adequately to serve the schools well (Courtney, 2010).

The success of schools’ hinges on removing capability deprivation that is widening people’s choices and extending people’s right to education (Rahim, 2011). In another perspective, it was argued that, teachers who assess students’ work and give them feedback regularly facilitate effective learning in pupils (Williams, 2011). Hence pupils’ work tends to be of good quality. Teaching and learning process which was based on the teacher’s aptitude and attitude is central to the issue of quality teaching and learning outcome. The connectivity between education, human potential and human development suggests education is far much more than socialization and not time bound activity. It stretches beyond classroom and initial training (Rahim, 2011). However, Courtney (2010) progresses that if process was considered a major determinant of quality learning and teaching and measured by the outcomes, there is the risking of limiting individual learning towards those areas that testable at the end of the learning programmed.

Factors that Determine Quality Teaching and Learning The process of teaching and learning was a result of the system that produces it. In concurrency (Eisner, 2010) affirmed that quality education cannot exceed the quality of the teacher and his work. The assertion does not mean to over emphasize the need for competent of teachers; all factors are significant in the process of quality search. Courtney (2010) suggested that establishing quality learning and teaching is made simpler by focusing on supporting inputs, processes, outputs and outcomes. Therefore, the availability of adequate quality resources alone yields no quality teaching and learning. Quality outcome was a result of a combination of input and processes. Availability of supporting inputs hinges on the relationship between the school and stake holders who include the school parental, community and education system. The teaching and learning society has been characterized by conditions permissible to quality outcomes of education process Cole & Knowles, (2010).

Nwosu (2001) found that students’ acquisition of science process skills are not gender specific. Also, the studies by Ogunleye;Babajide (2011); Agommuoh;Nzewi, (2003) lend credence to non-significant gender effect in science achievement.Relevance of Instructional Materials in teaching Basic Technology Instructional materials are the educational resources used to improve students? knowledge, abilities, and skills, to monitor their assimilation of information, and to contribute to their overall development and upbringing.

According to Ajayi, et al (2000), the followings were some of the reasons for using instructional materials; a good instructional material can supplement spoken or written words, it can bring teaching to life in a way that word cannot express, words can describe people, places and objects but a picture immediately brings reality, a teaching aid can simplify and clarify what is complex and difficult to express in words, instructional materials have motivational value for them to develop the interest of the students, instructional materials can also promote retention as we can understand from the Chinese proverb that says “what I hear I forget, what I see I remember, what I do I understand”, and they save time, and energy what you will explain in ten minutes, will be possible in less time with the use of instructional materials. Aids implied to help in teaching of Basic Technology, not to be substitutes for teaching the subject, nor for teachers, rather, it should be used to supplement oral explanation and descriptions. Ibrahim (2005), said, “Instructional materials include self-supporting materials which are used by the teacher to present a complete body of instruction; they make a lesson to become more explicit and interesting.

Instructional materials are of prime importance for both slow learners and fast learner (Balogun,2004). Adeyemo (2005), considered instructional materials as an essential part of teaching methods which helps the teacher to express his/her subject concept to the learners thus promoting students? academic performance. That, such aids or materials, should be the responsibility of the teachers. Fakomogbon (2002), stated that instructional materials are normally used during instruction to enhance proper or effective learning and to encourage retention.

They reduce the workload of the economics teacher in the classroom, reinforce and add clarity to learning. Ajayi et al., (2000), said that instructional materials aids teachers competence and effectiveness of instruction and class control. It makes the learning environment more attractive, appreciable, conducive, bearable and realistic. The learners? attention is better controlled and sustained; FRN (2004), states that objectives of learning materials are; to enhance teaching and improve the competence of teachers, to make learning more meaningful for students and to develop and promote the effective use of innovative materials in schools. In the same line, Ogundele (2007), outlined the following reasons for the importance of using teaching aids in teaching and learning process in our educational settings.

They aid learning by aiding the senses of seeing, hearing and touching among others. They direct teaching to its goals, makes lesson become interesting, arouse students? interest and motivate them to learn. Teaching aids are valuable in the following situations; when the object of instruction is either too big or too small or too spread out to be seen by students, when an object is inaccessible to students, it object is too expensive, dangerous or delicate for the students to use; and when a process being studied is very slow the economics teacher may use pictures or diagrams to illustrate the various stages involved.

When using instructional materials, it is important according to Olaitan (2002), that Basic Technology teachers should consider the following suggestions; ensure that the material is accurate and acceptable to the students, preview such materials before using them in the class, arrange the materials in such a way that the students will see from the place they are sitting, use the materials in the appropriate time in the lesson and after that remove them, do not use only one type of instructional materials to the exclusion of others and always remember that students are different in age/maturity, interest and experience. It is always an advantage to combine the aids to meet the need of various students. The class needs show determination of the types of aids to be use. Do not cause confusion by presenting too much information. Olaitan (2002), observed that instructional materials are versatile tools that are used in different ways for effective teaching and learning. These aids convey facts and ideas in all forms of community. They offer quite an easy way of presenting information.

He further outlined some of the importance of instructional materials if the materials are carefully selected and they are; help to give correct initial concept, help students to learn more, spread learning processes, Provide experiences which are not known before, clarify and give definite meaning of words and the combat verbalism, intensify expressions, arouse interest by attracting attention, build and sustain interest, motivate, develop and change attitudes, vitalize instruction and provide variety in teaching, saves time of economics teachers and students and supplement other learning and serves as reminder. Balogun (2004), stated that instructional materials assist teachers in the achievement of stated objectives and also help the teachers to make lesson explicit to the students. Ajayi, et al (2000), also reported that instructional materials possess the quality of influencing the psychological, motivational and structural position of the learners. Likewise, instructional materials aid the achievement of any one of the following in the teaching learning process: Attention and motivation; orderliness in the classroom; lesson presentation; recall and remembering; guidance, active participation and response; feedback, assessment of performance and evaluation. In summary, Bakare (2000), asserted that instructional materials are important tools for enriching, visualizing, simplifying, transmitting and accelerating the teaching and learning processes, thus enhance students’ academic performance. He further said that, effective instruction with instructional materials in the classroom requires careful planning by the teachers. This implies that economics teacher should take time to apply special knowledge and skill with respect to selecting, producing and using different kinds of instructional materials.

Impact of Effective Utilization of Instructional Resources The essence of teaching of Basic Technology was to make a positive impact on development of the skills of the students. According to Nnaji, and Okorie (2001) instructional resources offered the teacher and the learner good opportunity to relate theoretical knowledge to practical experiences. Some of the benefits of using instructional resources include, instructional resources enrich the lesson as they help the teacher to illustrate and explain aspects of the lesson for better understanding, provide opportunity for the development of skills of observation, manipulation and construction in the Students, that will help Students to have concrete idea and learning became permanent, provide Students the opportunity of interacting with the social and physical environment. Also Students will interact with their teachers and some problems together, stimulate interest and hold attention, because Students will actively be involved in the lesson, prevent boredom and frustration which hinder learning because Students have something that will show them real lesson.

Therefore Students will be free from bias, encourage thinking development of imagination, independent and individualized learning, because Students will always develop the idea of creating something related their learning experience when using instructional resources, offer a variety of concrete experiences for the acquisition and better retention or learned resources everyday and every lesson Students are acquiring different experiences more especially when instructional resources are utilized correctly and save a lot of time in making verbal explanations and breaks the monotonous voice of the teacher (Nnaji and Okorie2002) Instructional materials according to Storm (2001), have been identified as very important variables in the teaching and learning of vocation programme through the world. Faisal and Annutte (2001), Patrick et al (2001), in their studies observed that decline in the performance of students is due to inadequate facilities.Guideline for Selection of Instructional Resources Selection of instructional resources is very important because there are some factors to put into consideration like age, level, availability, accessibility, cost, puberty, suitability, simplicity, among others before selections of instructional resources. According to Sulaiman (2013) Teacher who wants to use instructional resources should consider the following variables to guide him in the selection of the types to be used in the teaching and learning exercise are; Availability: The teacher should ensure that the instructional resources to be used are easily available for use before the date. It means that the resources should be in store and test it before the day of the lesson. If the teacher has to prepare it himself, he should do so at least a day before the lesson. No instructional resources that are not available or not easy to prepare should be noted by the teacher in his lesson plan; Accessibility: It is the duty of the teacher to ensure that the resources to be used as instructional resources are not only available but also accessible to him. If they are ready made resources, they should be within reach of the teacher on the date and time of use.

There should be no exercise that the resourcesare readily available but locked up in the store because the storekeeper can be nowhere to be found or the keys to the store can be misplaced; Affordability: Sulaimon (2013). The instructional resources to be used should not be expensive, the cost should be such that either the teacher or the school can afford. It is no use to say that something is available but not affordable due to high cost. There should be a budget for instructional resources and when this is done the cost should not be outrageous it should be within the budget of the school; Suitability: The teacher using instructional resources should ensure the appropriateness of the resources for his intended Students. The resources should be suitable for their age, experience and intelligence. The legal, safety and ethical aspects of the resources to be used should equally be considered. The resources should not portray any anti-social attitude.

They should also be free from any bias, distortion or prejudice. If the resources would need electric power then alternative should be sought to avoid disappointment from electricity; Simplicity the instructional resources to be used should be simple to operate or manipulate. Sulaimon (2013). The teacher should test the resources and ensure their work ability before the actual date of use. There should not be any technical problem and where electricity is to be used, provision should be made for an alternative power.

No teacher should use electric failure as an excuse for non-performance in a situation where instruments demand the hands of a technician, (the technician) should be on hand and the teacher should have an insight into the operation of the instructional resources; Qualitative: the instructional resources selected for teaching by the teacher should be of good quality. Teachers should avoid the idea of “managing” with poor quality resources because he might not achieve the desired aim; and Decency: the instructional resources should be the best or nearest to the best, it should not be out of date. The instructional resources should reflect current and original thought. Appraisal of Related Literature Review From the works of scholars, a reviewed had to be done on the availability and utilization of instructional resources in teaching basic technology in upper basic schools. It has been observed that Instructional Resources was one of the factors affecting the effective learning of Basic Technology. In the literature reviewed, there are many definitions of instructional resources, it can broadly define as teaching aids and typical, this means using instructional medial to deliver part or all of a course in a school. The increasing influence of globalization in the use of instructional resources set new requirements for all areas of learning including the higher education (Brown &Glasner, 2013). From the findings of various researches, it has been deduced that for effective teaching and learning to take place, the teacher must make use of an instructional material as opined by (Onasanya&Adegbija 2007) that, all through the ages, the fact has been proved again and again that instructional resources help to learn better.

Also according to Ogunranti (2000), he is of opinion that no matter how professional a teacher is, his/her interaction with the students might not yield an effective outcome as compared to teacher that make use of such versatile materials in his/her teaching. Fakomogbon (2000) also reported that instructional materials posses the quality of influencing the psychological, motivational and structural position of learners. Finally, it could be deducted from the findings of this study from the reviewed of literature, the importance and necessity of instructional resources in teaching Basic Technology and teachings generally.

CHAPTER THREERESEARCH METHODOLOGYThis chapter presents the methods and techniques that were used in collecting and analyzing data for this study. This chapter was organized under the following sub-heads: Research Design, Sample and Sampling Techniques, Research instrument; Validation of Research Instrument; Procedure for Data collection; and Data Analysis Techniques. Research Design This study adopted a descriptive survey method of research in which questionnaires were used to collect data on availability and utilization of Instructional Resources for teaching Basic Technology in Upper Basic Schools in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State. Sample and Sampling Techniques The population for this study was on Upper Basic Secondary School in Ilorin metropolis. The target population consist of all Upper Basic Schools teachers in the selected Secondary Schools in Ilorin metropolis. The samples was drawn from forty nine (49) selected schools within Ilorin metropolis. One hundred (100) teachers were randomly selected at schools for the purpose of the research.

Research Instrument The instrument that was used for this study was a researcher designed questionnaire tittle; “Availability and Utilization of Instructional Resources for Teaching Basic Technology in Upper Basic Schools in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State” The questionnaire was administered on teachers in the sampled schools. It was structured in a clear and simple language to enables the respondents to provide relevant answers to the questionnaire items based on their personal opinions. The questionnaire was structured into section A, B, C, and D. Section A consist of the general demographic information of the respondents and moderating variables like gender, educational qualification, area of specialization, years of working experience, age, academic status and school ownership. Section B consist of 12 research items on Instructional Resources Available in schools. Also section C comprise 10 research items on Teachers utilization of Instructional Resources while section D solicit information on students performance on use of Instructional Resources. The rating scale was used for section C and D was Likert response type of Strongly Agree (S.

A) Agree(A), Disagree (D), Strongly Disagree (S.A), to elicit response from respondents. Validation of Research Instrument In order to measure the face and content validity of the Instrument for this study, the draft of questionnaire was subjected to scrutiny and constructive criticism by the researcher’s supervisor and three(3) senior lecturers in the Department of Educational Technology, University of Ilorin Ilorin, Nigeria. The draft of the questionnaire was later received by the researcher’s supervisor for suitability and appropriateness. Necessary modifications was made on the Instrument based on their comments and suggestions. The reliability of the survey Instrument was determined by administering the Instrument on 20 teachers at Omupo Grammar school which will be outside the sample size. A split half product moment correction coefficient was used to determined the reliability coefficient of the Instrument.Procedure for Data collection Letter of permission was collected from HOD of Educational Technology University of Ilorin to carry out the study.

The researcher personally visited the sample schools with the help of research assistant to administer the research Instruments. Also authorization and permission for Data collection was obtained from the teachers of the targeted educational institutions prior to time of data connection. The research assistants was given a proper briefing and training on the use of the research Instruments by the researcher. He also assisted the researcher in distribution and collections of the research Instrument from the respondents. Data Analysis Techniques The data that was collected for this research work, was analyze using frequency counts and percentages in grading each answers on the questionnaire based on the answer chosen for the items for the questionnaire by the respondents.

CHAPTER FOURDATA ANALYSES AND RESULTSThis chapter presents the data analyses and interpretation of data collected for the study through the administered instrument (questionnaire). The study was a descriptive research; hence, the results are presented in a descriptive format using frequency count and percentage for the demographic information and the research questions, while t-test was used to test all the hypotheses at 0.05 significant level. All analysed data are represented on tables.Research Participants of the StudyA total of 100 respondents were chosen for the study. However, 100 copies of the questionnaire were retrieved, 2 copies were invalid while 98 copies were valid. Thus, it was found useable for the data analysis for the study.

The valid total therefor represents 98% response rate.Demographic InformationThe data collected and analysed in this section represents the variables of focus for the study and background information of upper basic technology teachers actively involved in the study. The demographic information in which data were collected and analysed includes; respondents age, gender, educational qualification, years of experience, and school type, which are presented on tables as follows:Table 1: Distribution of Respondents by AgeAge Group Frequency Percentage (%)20-25 18 18.

426-30 23 23.531-35 20 20.436-40 20 20.441-45 8 8.245-50 8 8.

251-55 1 1.0Total 98 100Table 1 indicates the distribution of upper basic technology teachers by age. It can be deduced that 18 (18.4%) of the respondents were between the ages of 20-25; 23 (23.5%) were between the ages of 26-30; 20 (20.

4%) were between the ages of 31-35 and 36-40 respectively; 8 (8.2%) were between the ages of 41-45 and 45-50 respectively; while 1 (1.0%) were between the ages of 51-55 years.Table 2: Distribution of Respondents by Gender`Gender Frequency Percentage(%)Male 46 46.9Female 52 53.1Total 98 100Table 2 reveals the distribution of upper basic technology teachers by gender. 46 (46.

9%) of the respondents were male, while, 52 (53.1%) were female.Table 3: Distribution of Respondents by Educational QualificationEducational Qualification Frequency Percentage (%)NCE 32 32.7BSc. 26 26.5HND 26 26.5MSc. 0 0.

0SSCE 5 5.1Others 9 9.2Total 98 100Table 3 shows the distribution of upper basic technology teachers according to their educational qualifications. 32 (32.7%) of the respondents have NCE; 26 (26.5%) have BSc.; 26 (26.

5) have HND; 0 (0.0%) has MSc.; 5 (5.1%) have SSCE; while, 9 (9.

2%) have other educational qualifications.Table 4: Distribution of Respondents by Year of ExperienceYear of Experience Frequency Percentage (%)1-4 18 18.45-9 35 35.710-14 27 27.

615-20 12 12.221-25 6 6.1Total 98 100Table 4 shows the distribution of upper basic technology teachers according to their years of experience. 18 (18.4%) of the respondents have 1-4 years of experience; 35 (35.7%) of the respondents have 5-9 years of experience; 27 (27.6%) of the respondents have 10-14 years of experience; 12 (12.

2%) of the respondents have 15-20 years of experience; while, 6 (6.1%) of the respondents have 21-25 years of experience.Table 5: Distribution of Respondents by School Type`School Type Frequency Percentage(%)Public 52 53.1Private 46 46.

9Total 98 100Table 5 reveals the distribution of upper basic technology teachers by school type. 52 (53.1%) of the respondents were teachers in the public school, while, 46 (46.9%) were teachers in the private schools.ResultsThe results of data collected were analysed to answer research questions of the study and test the formulated hypotheses at 0.05 level of significant are represented on tables and subsequently interpreted.Analysis of Research QuestionsResearch Question One: What are the instructional resources available for teaching basic technology?To answer research question one, data were collected from Upper Basic technology teachers based on the availability and unavailability of instructional resources for teaching Basic technology. Frequency count and percentage was used to analyse the data collected.

Results of the analysis are shown on Table 6 and interpreted as thus:Table 6: Availability and Unavailability of Instructional Resources for Teaching Basic TechnologyS/N Instructional Resources Available (%) Not Available (%)Technology workshop for teaching Basic technology 52 48Television sets 38.8 61.2Multimedia projector 16.3 83.

7Video players 45.9 54.1Video materials 49.0 51.

0Chats 90.8 9.2Audio materials 81.

6 18.4Audio players 82.7 17.

3Software 84.7 15.3Science laboratory 98.0 2.0Two-dimensional instructional resources (flat pictures, graphs, and chats) 99.0 1.0Three-dimensional instructional resources (models, mock up objects, specimen) 91.

8 8.2Table 6 shows the availability and unavailability of instructional resources for teaching Basic technology in Upper Basic Schools in Ilorin metropolis. The table revealed that 52 % of the respondents claimed that there is availability of technology workshop for teaching basic technology while 48% claimed it unavailability. Television sets unavailability is supported by majority with 61.2% compare to the minority of 38.

8 % who claimed it availability. Multimedia projector is not available, with the majority unavailability response of 83.7%.

Video players isunavailable with majority of 54.1% to 45.6% minority unavailability claim. Majority of 51.

0 % stated Video materials are available with 49.0% minority unavailability response. Chats are available, unavailability is shown with only 9.2% of the percentage. Audio materialsare available by 81.6% to 18.

4% unavailability. 82.7% response shows Audio players are available to 18.7% minority unavailability claim. Softwareare84.7% availability response was claimed while 15.3% claimed its unavailability.

Science laboratory, Two-dimensional and Three-dimensional instructional resources are claimed to be available with the percentage response of 98.0, 99.0, and 91.

8 compare to the unavailability percentage response of 2.0, 1.0, and 8.2 respectively.In the table 6 above, uncertainty of availability and unavailability marginal difference of <10 is noticed in some resources. Therefore, the availability and unavailability of those resources are not certain, as they cannot be concluded to be available or not available.

These resource are: Technology workshop for teaching basic technology, video players, and video materials. From these results the availability and unavailability of the resources cannot be confirmed. Therefore, instructional resources for the teaching of Upper Basic technology are largely available for the teaching Basic technology in Ilorin metropolis.Research Question Two: How do Upper Basic technology teachers react to the utilisation of available instructional resources for teaching Basic technology?To answer research question two, data were collected from Upper Basic technology teachers based on the reaction to the utilisation of available instructional resources for teaching Basic technology.

Percentagewas used to determine how Upper Basic technology teachers’ responded to the questionnaire items on reaction based on the response mode of strongly agree (SA), agree (A), disagree (D), and strongly disagree (SD). Results of the analysis are shown on Table 7 and subsequently interpreted to show positive reaction; SA, A, or negative reaction D, SD towards the utilisation of instructional resources in teaching Basic technology.Table 7: Upper Basic Technology Teachers’ Reaction to the Utilisation of Instructional ResourceS/N Items SA (%) A (%) D (%) SD (%) Total (%)Teaching and learning of Basic technology in Upper Basic schools without instructional materials such as charts, maps, curves and graphs may not bring out the expected outcome. 82.1 17.0 0.9 0.0 100Instructional material are means for improving the quality of teaching for effective academic performance of Basic technology.

73.5 26.5 0.0 0.

0 100Pictures , models, drawings and specimens influence students’ academic performance in Basic technology. 78.6 21.4 0.0 0.

0 100Availability of instructional materials in school assists in the achievement of stated goals and objectives. 78.6 20.

4 1.0 0.0 100Availability and use of instructional resources would make discovery of facts glued firmly to the memory of students. 82.7 16.

3 1.0 0.0 100Community resource places such as industrial establishments, workshops, airport, television and radio stations influence students’ academic performance in Basic technology. 86.7 12.2 1.

0 0.0 100Instructional materials can simplify and clarify what is complex and difficult to express in words. 75.58 22.4 2.0 0.

0 100Students’ understanding of basic technology can be improved if Government and schools provide relevant instructional materials. 83.7 15.3 1.0 0.

0 100Good and relevant textbooks are necessary to influence the academic performance of students in Basic technology. 86.7 19.4 0.0 0.0 100Instructional resources arouse the interest and attracts learners attention to learning Basic technology.

80.6 19.4 0.0 0.0 100Table 7 revealsUpper Basic technology teachers’ utilisation of available instructional resources for teaching Basic technology. The results show that 82.

1% and 17.0% of the teachers agreed that the teaching and learning of Basic technology in Upper Basic schools without instructional materials such as charts, maps, curves and graphs may not bring out the expected outcome, while, 0.9% disagreed on the assertion. All the teachers agreed that instructional materials are means for improving the quality of teaching for effective academic performance of Basic technology and pictures, models, drawings and specimens influence students’ academic performance in Basic technology. 78.6% and 20.4% of the teachers agreed that the availability of instructional materials in school assists in the achievement of stated goals and objectives, while, 1.

0% of the teachers disagreed with the assertion. 82.7% and 16.

3% agreed that the availability and use of instructional resources would make discovery of facts glued firmly to the memory of students, while, 1.0% disagreed with the claim.The results also indicate that 82.7% and 12.2% of the teachers agreed that community resource places such as industrial establishments, workshops, airport, television and radio stations influence students’ academic performance in Basic technology, while, 1.0% disagree with the claim. 75.

58% and 22.4% of the teachers agreed that instructional materials can simplify and clarify what is complex and difficult to express in words, while, 2.0% disagreed with the assertion. 83.

7% and 15.3% claimed that students’ understanding of Basic technology can be improved if Government and schools provide relevant instructional materials, while, 1.0% disagreed with the claim. All the teachers agreed that good and relevant textbooks are necessary to influence the academic performance of students in Basic technology and instructional resources arouse the interest and attracts learners’ attention to learning Basic technology. Summarily, it can be deduced from the results that Upper Basic technology teachers have a positive reaction to the utilisation of instructional resources in teaching Basic technology in Ilorin metropolis.Research Question Three: What is the reaction of male and female teachers towards the utilisation of instructional resources in teaching Basic technology?To examine the reaction of male and female teachers towards the utilisation of instructional resources in teaching Basic technology. Data were collected from Upper Basic technology teachers. Percentage was used to examine how the male and female respondents respond to the reaction questionnaire items based on strongly agree (SA), agree (A), disagree (D), and strongly disagree (SD).Results of the analysis are shown on Table 8 and subsequently interpreted to show positive reaction; SA, A, or negative reaction D, SD towards the utilisation of instructional resources in teaching Basic technology.Table 8: Male and Female Teachers’ Reaction to the Utilisation of Instructional Resources in Teaching Basic TechnologyGender SA (%) A (%) D (%) SD (%) Total (%)Male 86.8 12.4 0.8 0.0 100Female 87.4 11.3 1.3 0.0 100Table 8 shows male and female Upper Basic technology teachers’ reaction to the utilisation of instructional resources for teaching Basic technology in Ilorin metropolis. The table indicates that 86.8% and 12.4% of male respondents have positive reaction to the utilisation of instructional resources in teaching Basic technology while 0.8% have negative reaction to the utilisation of instructional resources in teaching Basic technology. Conversely, 87.4% and 11.3% of the female respondents have positive reaction to the utilisation instructional resources in teaching Basic technology while 1.3% have negative reaction to the utilisation of instructional resources in teaching Basic technology. Therefore, the findings from Table 8 has revealed that female respondents demonstrated more positive reaction towards the utilisation of instructional resources in teaching Basic technology than the male counterparts, even though, little difference exist between them.Research Question Four: What is the difference between public and private schools’ Upper Basic technology teachers’ reaction to the utilisation of instructional resources for teaching Basic technology?To examine the difference between public and private schools’ Upper Basic technology teachers’ reaction towards the utilisation of instructional resources in teaching Basic technology. Data were collected from Upper Basic technology teachers based on school type. Percentage was used to examine how public and private schools’ Upper Basic technology teachers’ respond to the reaction questionnaire items based on strongly agree (SA), agree (A), disagree (D), and strongly disagree (SD). Results of the analysis are shown on Table 9 and subsequently interpreted to show positive reaction; SA, A, or negative reaction D, SD towards the utilisation of instructional resources in teaching Basic technology.Table 9: Upper Basic Technology Teachers’ Reaction towards the Utilisation of Instructional Resources in Teaching Basic Technology Based on School TypeSchool Type SA (%) A (%) D (%) SD (%) Total (%)Public 83.5 14.9 1.6 0.0 100Private 74.8 24.7 0.5 0.0 100Table 9 indicates upper Basic technology teachers’ reaction towards the utilisation of instructional resources in teaching basic technology based on school type. The table indicates that 83.5% and 14.9% of public school Upper Basic technology teachers have positive reaction to the utilisation of instructional resources in teaching Basic technology, while, 1.6% have negative reaction to the utilisation of instructional resources in teaching Basic technology. Conversely, 74.8% and 24.7% of the private schools’ respondents have positive reaction to the utilisation instructional resources in teaching Basic technology while 0.5% have negative reaction to the utilisation of instructional resources in teaching Basic technology. Therefore, the findings from Table 9 has revealed that public school Upper Basic teachers demonstrated more positive reaction towards the utilisation of instructional resources in teaching Basic technology than the private school Upper Basic technology teachers.Results of Hypotheses Tested in the StudyThe results of hypotheses tested in this study are presented in subsequent tables. All hypotheses were tested at significant level of 0.05.Hypothesis OneH01: There is no significant difference between the reaction of male and female Upper Basic technology teachers towards the utilisation of instructional resources.Independent sample t-test was conducted to compare the reaction of male and female Upper Basic technology teachers towards the utilisation of instructional resources. Data collected was analysed and tested at 0.05 significant level. Results of the analysis are shown in Table 10 with subsequent interpretation.Table 10: t-test Analysis of Male and Female Upper Basic Technology Teachers Reaction towards the Utilisation of instructional resourcesGender N X SD df t Sig. (2-tailed) RemarkMale 42 1.22 .24 96 1.14 .25 AcceptedFemale 52 1.18 .11 From Table 10, it can be deduced that there was no significant difference between the reaction of male and female Upper basic technology teachers towards the utilisation of instructional resources. This is reflected in the findings of the hypotheses tested df (96), t= 1.14, p>0.05. Thus, the hypothesis which states that “there is no significant difference between the reaction of male and female Upper basic technology teachers towards the utilisation of instructional resources” is accepted.Hypotheses TwoH02: There is no significant difference between the reaction of public and private school Upper Basic technology teachers towards the utilisation of instructional resources.Independent sample t-test was conducted to compare the reaction of public and private school Upper Basic technology teachers towards the utilisation of instructional resources. Data collected was analysed and tested at 0.05 significant level. Results of the analysis are shown in Table 11 with subsequent interpretation.Table 11:t-test Analysis of the Reaction of Public and Private Upper Basic Technology Teachers towards the Utilisation of instructional resourcesGender N X SD df t Sig. (2-tailed) RemarkPublic 52 1.21 .17 96 .59 .55 AcceptedPrivate 46 1.18 .19 From Table 11, it can be deduced that there was no significant difference between the reaction of public and private Upper Basic technology teachers towards the utilisation of instructional resources. This is reflected in the findings of the hypotheses tested df(96) t=.59, p>0.05. Thus, the hypothesis which states that “there is no significant difference between the reaction of public and private Upper basic technology teachers towards the utilisation of instructional resources” is accepted.Summary of FindingsThe summary of the findings from the research questions and research hypotheses are presented as follows:The study revealed that instructional resources for the teaching of Upper Basic technology are largely available for the teachingof Basic technology in Ilorin metropolis.The study indicated that Upper Basic technology teachers have a positive reaction to the utilisation of instructional resources in teaching Basic technology in Ilorin metropolis.Female Upper Basic technology teachers have positive reaction towards the utilisation of instructional resources in teaching Basic technology than their male counterparts.Public school Upper Basic technology teachers possess more positive reaction towards the utilisation of instructional resources in teaching Basic technology than the private school Upper Basic technology teachers.There was nosignificant difference between the reaction of male and female Upper basic technology teachers towards the utilisation of instructional resources.There was no significant difference between the reaction of public and private Upper Basic technology teachers towards the utilisation of instructional resources.CHAPTER FIVEDISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONSThis chapter contains a discussion of the findings of the study and conclusion from the findings that emerged from the study. Other issues discussed in the chapter are implications of finding, recommendations, limitations and suggestions for further study. Discussion of Findings The findings revealed that only few modern instructional materials such as Technology workshop, Television, Multimedia projector, video players, video materials are available for teaching Basic Technology in Upper Basic Schools in Ilorin Metropolis. Specifically, only 16.3% teachers indicated that Multimedia projector is available while 83.7% teachers indicated that Multimedia projector is not available. Also 38.8% teachers indicated that Television sets is available while 61.2% teachers indicated that Television sets is not available. Those Instructional Resources available are Chats Audio materials, Audio players, Software, Science Laboratory, Two-dimensional Instructional Resources (flat pictures, graphs, chats), Three-dimensional Instructional Resources (models, mock up objects, specimen). Therefore, Two-dimensional Instructional Resources (flat pictures, graphs, chats) has the highest population of 99% . In these respects, the Basic Technology teachers in Ilorin have shown that there is gross inadequacy of modern instructional Resources (such as Television sets and Multimedia projector) for teaching Basic Technology in Upper Basic Schools in Ilorin. According to Sulaiman (2013) instructional Resources used to facilitate learning for better results, like wise it is use of the chalkboard, chart models overhead projectors, films, television and computer in teaching process. Similarly, Orugbemi (2008) opined that electrical operated instructional resources are handling and processing of information using electronic devices. It simply means the creation, collection, storage, processing, transmission, display and use of information by the people and machine. They can also be referred to as the technologies used for assessing, processing, gathering, manipulating and presenting or communicating information. Facilities according to the American Association for Vocational Instruction Materials (2002), are the classroom, laboratories, workshop and equipment. Moreover, Where the modern Instructional Resources are lacking in Ilorin schools, what then is going to happen to thousands of students in Upper Basic Schools, who are not privileged to have access to modern technology and other Instructional Resources, Where will they be in tomorrow’s world?Also, In the opinions of the Basic Technology teachers that participated in this study, they agreed that Teaching-learning of Basic Technology in Upper Basic schools without instructional materials such as, chart, maps, curves and graphs and so on may not bring out the expected outcome, Instructional materials are means for improving the quality of teaching for effective academic performance of Basic Technology students, Pictures, models, drawings and specimens influence students academic performance in Basic Technology, Availability of instructional materials in school assists in the achievement of the stated Educational goals and objectives, Availability and the use of instructional resources would make discovery of facts glued firmly to the memory of students, Community resource places – industrial establishments, workshops, airport, television and radio station’s influence students academic performance in Basic Technology, Instructional materials can simplify and clarify what is complex and difficult to express in words, Students’ understanding of Basic Technology can be improved government and school provides relevant instructional resources, Good relevant textbooks were necessary to influence the academic performance of students in Basic Technology and Instructional resources arouse the interest by attracting attention of Basic Technology’s students. The question with the lowest percentage is 73.5% which shows the important and mandate of Instructional Resources for Teaching Basic Technology as no disagreement with all the statement made in the Research Questions.Instructional materials according to Storm (2001), have been identified as very important variables in the teaching and learning of vocation programme through the world. Faisal and Annutte (2001), Patrick et al (2001), in their studies observed that decline in the performance of students is due to inadequate facilities. Therefore, the desired objectives cannot be achieved without the Utilazation of Instructional Resources in Teaching Basic Technology in Upper Basic Schools.Results also showed that there was no significant different between male and female counterparts in the utilization of Instructional Resources in teaching Basic Technology as only 0.8% of male disagreed with the use of Instructional Resources while only 1.3% of female also disagreed and 86.8% and 87.4% male and female respectively reacted positively to the use of Instructional Resources. Nwosu (2001) found that students’ acquisition of science process skills are not gender specific. Also, the studies by Ogunleye&Babajide (2011); Agommuoh&Nzewi, (2003) lend credence to non-significant gender effect in science achievement.Finally, The findings has revealed that public school upper basic teachers demonstrated more positive reaction towards the utilisation of instructional resources in teaching Basic technology than the private school upper basic technology teachers not in accordance with School Advisor (2018) that Government schools have fewer facilities and technology compared to private schools.ConclusionBased on the findings the following conclusion are drawn from the experiment that the Resources that are sufficiently available are Chats, Audio materials, Audio players, Software, Science Laboratory, Two-dimensional Instructional Resources (flat pictures, graphs, chats), Three-dimensional Instructional Resources (models, mock up objects, specimen). Instructional Resources such as Technology workshop, Television sets, Multimedia projectors, Video players, Video materials for Teaching Basic Technology was not sufficient. The finding also shows the important and mandate of Instructional Resources for teaching basic technology as no disagreement with all the statement made in the Research Questions. Moreover, the positive reaction of basic technology teachers towards the use of instructional resources for teaching basic technology.RecommendationsIn view of the findings and conclusions drawn from the experiment the following recommendation are proffered for Basic Technology curriculum and instruction experts, policy makers and other educational authorities: 1. There is outright need for the incorporation of modern Instructional Resources into the teaching and learning of basic technology in upper basic schools. Expert in Basic Technology should collaborate with the community to help produce Basic Technology courses which would simplify teachers challenges in producing Instructional Resources. Teachers on their part should overlook the burden of preparing, producing and transmitting good instructional resources that are relevant to the lesson. This will enable them to cover adequate content in basic technology course description.2. Basic Technology teachers must train and retrain themselves continuously on the use of Instructional Resources they should at least understand the organization of content. This would enable students to participate actively in the lesson and arouse the interest of the students.3. Government on its part should provide adequate, effective and functional Instructional Resources to Upper Basic schools. It is obvious that the population explosion experienced in teacher education today has made these existing facilities inadequate. Every schools should urgently provide adequate instructional resources to meet the needs of the teacher. As for the teachers through it is interesting it encourage him to deliver his lesson successful.4. There should be cordial relationship between policy makers and schools for the provision of essential resource materials, like laboratory, Television sets,vedio materials, video players, multimedia projector etc.5. It is suggested that regular meaningful workshop on utilization technique for Science teachers should be conducted to improve and update their competence in teaching.6.At the local education authority level, effort should be made from time to time to organize workshops for Basic Technology teachers on utilization and needs for the use of Instructional Resources. This is to compliment the efforts of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for re-training of Science teachers.7. Resource centers should be created in each Education Zone where teachers can go to borrow teaching materials or take their students there to use the materials.Limitations of the Study1.This study is limited to 49 schools in Ilorin metropolis. Perhaps a more comprehensive studies covering all the Upper Basic schools in Ilorin metropolis would have given a slightly better result.2.Another limiting factor was that the researcher was not able to observe all the Basic Technology teachers from all the Secondary Schools in Ilorin metropolis due to the above-mentioned constraints.Suggestion for Further Studies The researcher has the following suggestions for further research:1.There should be a study on the effects of the use of instructional materials on basic technology students2. Also there should be appraisal of needed innovations in instructional materials for teaching basic technology.3. 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Learning for Future Refugee Education in developingcountries.htt//peopleumassedu/educ870/postconflit/resourcrs/Quality Edu.UNIVERSITY OF ILORINFACULTY OF EDUCATIONDEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGYQuestionnaire on Availability and Utilization of Instructional Resources for Teaching Basic Technology in Upper Basic Schools in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State.Dear Respondents,This questionnaire is designed to obtain necessary information about Availability and Utilization of Instructional Resources for Teaching Basic Technology in Upper Basic Schools in Ilorin Metropolis.You are requested to please read each items carefully and tick as appropriate. Be assured that information supplied will be use for academic research purpose only and treated with most confidentiality.Thank you in anticipation of your cooperation.Yours Faithfully,LASISI ABIOLA. SECTION A: Demographic dataInstruction: Please tick( ? )appropriatelya.Age( ) b.Gender: Male( ) Female( )c.Educational Qualification: NCE( ) BSC( ) HND( ) MSC( )SSCE( ) OTHERS( )d.Years of experience: 1-4( ) 5-9( ) 10-14( ) 15-19( ) 20-24( )e.Subject of specialization:……………………………………………………………..f.School Type: Public( ) Private( ) SECTION B: Instructional Resources Available in schoolsPlease Note: A-Available NA-Not AvailableS/N Resources A NA 1 Technology workshop for Teaching Basic Technology 2 Television sets 3 Multimedia projectors 4 Video players 5 Video materials 6 Chats 7 Audio materials 8 Audio players 9 Software 10 Science Laboratory 11 Two-dimensional Instructional Resources (flat pictures, graphs, chats) 12 Three-dimensional Instructional Resources (models, mock up objects, specimen) SECTION C: Teachers utilization of instructional resources Please note: SA-Strongly Agree, A-Agree, SD-Strongly Disagree, D-DisagreeS/N Utilization SA A D SD1 Teaching-learning of Basic Technology in Upper Basic schools without instructional materials such as, chart, maps, curves and graphs and so on may not bring out the expected outcome. 2 Instructional materials are means for improving the quality of teaching for effective academic performance of Basic Technology students. 3 Pictures, models, drawings and specimens influence studentsacademic performance in Basic Technology. 4 Availability of instructional materials in school assists in the achievement of the stated Educational goals and objectives. 5 Availability and the use of instructional resources would make discovery of facts glued firmly to the memory of students. 6 Community resource places – industrial establishments, workshops, airport, television and radio station’s influence students academic performance in Basic Technology. 7 Instructional materials can simplify and clarify what is complex and difficult to express in words. 8 Students’ understanding of Basic Technology can be improved government and school provides relevant instructional resources. 9 Good relevant textbooks were necessary to influence the academic performance of students in Basic Technology. 10 Instructional resources arouse the interest by attracting attention of Basic Technology’s students SECTION D: students performance on use of Instructional ResourcesS/N Performance SA A D SD1 Students score higher marks when Instructional Resources are used. 2 Students pay more attention when Instructional Resources are used. 3 Students always remember what they see, touch and smell. 4 Instructional Resources influence the effectiveness of learning Basic Technology. 5 Students develop phycho-motor skills when Instructional Resources are used. 6 Students learn faster with the aid of Instructional Resources.