BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT MAY/ 2018 BBEK4203 PRINCIPLES OF MACROECONOMICS MATRICULATION NO 880610566051001 IDENTITY CARD NO. 880610566051 TELEPHONE NO. 0162322030 E-MAIL [email protected] LEARNING CENTRE SRI RAMPAI Summary of the article According to Article The Star Online subject Malaysia monetary policy able to support the growth,no modification seen dated 15th November 2013, Bank Negara Governor Tan Sri Dr Zeti Akhtar Aziz says that the current financial policy remains enough to supply a very important support to economic process and can not be changed unless a big amendment takes place. She aforementioned that though a policy response was needed ,which wasnt the case presently, there square measure alternative policy measures. And she mentioned that we area unit in associate economy that does not swear only on the rate policy,either to push growth or address inflation.
Though inflation was planning to increase, variety of things would make sure that the increase was temporary, thence Malaysias financial establishments at the present werent involved regarding the outlook for value stability. Interest rates area unit accommodative and this offers necessary support for growth. She deteriorated to reply to conjecture that consequent move can be a ramble, and didnt provide any specific signal on future policy movements.
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Ever as Septembers monetary policy meeting she dont trust that uncertainty has lessened, however world growth has enhanced, that may be a optimistic sign, theres still hesitation and this retrieval still at risk of hindrances. Bank Negara is actually on a wait-and-see approach. They wished to push value stability associate exceedingly an atmosphere of property growth which changes would solely be created if conditions progressed to merit it.This is the amount of hesitation and do not will offer the sort of forward steering for the policies that others has assumed.The policy supported impost of risk. She added that expected inflation would upsurge and will even surge to higher than the long run average of 3.2 next year, because the Government scale back fuel subsidies.
Zeti enhanced exports edged as steady internal demand,progress within the half of the present year would develop suitably from 4.2 to 4.5-5 for the complete year and it endure into 2014. She foretold that Asian nation would weather the effect from such a progress the rear of stouter economic system. Granting growth in main advanced economies stay meek, positive drifts were rising as circumstances upgraded. And she urged those ranking Malaysias self-governing debt to require into consideration the tendency of development on all facades, with the diminishing fiscal scarcity and delimited government liability.
Effects of the monetary policy on rate of economic growth in Malaysia. Malaysias economy is very integrated with the worldwide economy and is currently among the highest twenty most open economies within the world. However, there has been AN evolution within the nature of that integration. There has been a shift towards domestic demand as a key driver of growth over the recent years.
This modification reflects stronger growth privately consumption and domestic investment amid the holdup in external demand following the monetary crises in Malaysia. First, as noted earlier, growing incomes have light-emitting diode to exaggerated consumption of foreign product and services. Second, Asian country has had a really open policy towards international trade and investment and has actively sought-after to diversify each its exports and its trade partners. a number of the market diversification has occurred because of growing regional integration and also the deepening of regional worth chains. In specific, Asian country is exportation a lot of to, and commercialism a lot of from, the Asian region, with a major increase in trade with China. Asian country has conjointly become extremely integrated through linkages shaped with the world and regional price chains that has augmented competition each internationally and domestically, and affected the approach corporations set costs and wages.
The economy remains resilient as a result of the countrys heterogenous economic structure, supported by robust fundamentals like stumpy inflation, favorable employment circumstances, low exterior debt and sufficient international coffers, a robust and well-capitalised banking industry, and deep and well-developed money markets. The preceding subsections argued that a financial authority may solely have a temporary result on real interest rates, which a permanent amendment in inflation was presumably to own negative possessions for output growth. This still leaves the likelihood that a transient amendment in real interest rates may need permanent effects on output or output growth.
the standard read is that transient changes to policy can have transient effects on real output. Typically, expectations and costs ar thought to regulate to new circumstances, and folks can amendment their behaviour, inflicting the economy as a full to come to its original state of balance. as an example, a short lived financial policy action would possibly prompt larger investment in capital. If, however, this extra capital wasless profitable than originally expected, then investors would either sell the capital or let it depreciate out of existence. Either way, the non-public sectors consequent actions would unwind initial choices, in order that the initial financial policy stimulant solely had a short lived result on output. During rate targeting, financial policy operates through short-run interest rates to realize the last word target thats a property semipermanent economic process, accompanied with the value and monetary stability and complete the pre-liberalization quantity, the bank praise shock had a lot of effect compared with the currency shock in explaining output inconsistency. In peculiarity, once the post-liberalization sum, cash similarly as credit innovations were dynamic in elucidation output tremors. In short, combination demand was considerably influenced by credit innovation throughout preliberalization, whereas cash innovation vie a very important role throughout post-liberalization in explaining output variability.
In market economies, the employment of the interest rates as a serious instrument of financial policy doesnt imply that it will ignore the role of cash offer. This can be as a result of the interest rates square measure determined in money markets. The negative response of domestic output to financial policy modification may be explained by commonplace theory, by that a rise in interest rates will increase the firms capital prices, whereas successively the corporations can respond by reducing their capability of mounted investment. The impact of tighting financial policy is that education in tertiary level can prevent, this because of high rate of interest od study loan, and it might cause di-development of the country, as a result from no experience and talents.
The speed of employement will decrease as a result of leader cannot afford to use workers. Then result in uage of foreign immigrants like from Bangladesh. Itll then result in high population of migrants.
Next results are quantity of flows from foreign investors. once theres low quantity of capitalist, our country wont have enough capital to develop and manufacture, this then result in less production and therefore the government can use cash exactly and during a in the meantime preventing voters from borrowing and payment additional. This will forestall Malaysias economic process from declining because the rate captures the behaviour of financial policy, a positive shock to the rate can indicate a contractionary of financial policy. The anticipation that economic action can reinforce may moreover prompt series to ease nature policy that consecutively permits commercial and households to excitement up expense. During a low interest-rate regime, stocks become a lot of engaging to shop for, raising households monetary assets. This may conjointly contribute to higher client payment, and makes companies investment comes a lot of enticing. Low interest rates conjointly tend to cause currency to depreciate as a result of the demand for domestic merchandise rises once foreign merchandise become costlier. Effects of the monetary policy on rate of unemployment in Malaysia.
The change towards more market-predicated prices designates that the pass-through to inflation is expected to transmute in terms of size, sedulousness and pervasiveness. There is liable to be more sizably voluminous and more expeditious pass-through of shocks that could lead to higher inflation variability. For example, under the managed-float pricing mechanism for fuel, transmutations in ecumenical oil prices will have a more immensely colossal and more expeditious pass-through to domestic inflation.
The more preponderant volatility of the exchange rate is withal expected to make it a more consequential consideration in domestic price-setting. Hence, the expected higher volatility and skepticality of ecumenical oil prices and exchange rates over the proximate to medium term is liable to make inflation and inflation projections more variable and skeptical. Moreover, as fuel is a paramount cost component for firms, more variable fuel prices could lead to incremented variability of other prices in the CPI, especially victuals. As such, ecumenical oil prices and the exchange rate are now liable to play a more consequential role in the inflation prospects of households and firms. Given the incremented role of domestic demand in the economy, its vigor has become a essential force in defining inflationary environments. First, the shift in consumption patterns as shown by the transmutation in the CPIs composition towards more non-tradable goods and housing denotes that the key drivers of inflation will be domestic factors such as the prices of accommodations and rentals. Second, vigorous magnification in domestic investment activity could withal lead to higher inflation given the competition for resources, albeit the faculty to import may reduce some of those inflationary pressures but at the expense of a deterioration in the current account of the balance of payments.
Third, as secluded consumption is progressively supported through housing and monetary capital, asset worth shocks might have larger insinuations on ingesting, and therefore, on inflation. Trendy, a more modest and supple labour souk is also predictable to make the inflation procedure more interweaved with wage subtleties. This wage inflation could give elevate to second-round effects that lead to more preponderant inflation sedulousness.
Even though domestic demand is a key economic driver, incrementing ecumenical integration implicatively insinuates that domestic prices are increasingly linked to ecumenical prices and ecumenical developments can now have a more consequential impact on domestic prices than afore. Normally, more preponderant integration has contributed to lower inflation in Malaysia. A more inexpensive landscape, together nationally and ecumenically, is anticipated to reduce value stickiness and central to lower sedulousness in the inflation process. Following, intricate ecumenical and regional value chains have incremented competition and value suppleness, and this has diminished domestic inflation.
Ecumenical developments are transmitted to Malaysia more expeditiously and pervasively through the trade, commodities and financial channels. It is consequential to highlight that monetary policy in Malaysia has not been determined solely by the caliber of inflation. The impact of monetary policy on financial conditions has withal been a key consideration. Consequently, the setting of monetary policy has required a balance between the desideratum to fortify the economy, maintain a low inflation rate and evade engendering incentives for exorbitant financial risktaking. The outcome has been a monetary policy that has eschewed setting very low interest rates for elongated periods. In particular, monetary policy has eschewed negative authentic interest rates for sustained periods, albeit ad interim negative authentic interest rates were abode when the inflation rate incremented due to the transitory effect of sundry shocks.
Low interest rates have a propensity to engender sundry financial imbalances, categorically in a high savings society in Malaysia, where the jeopardy is not only of imprudent increases in leverage but additionally that the search for yield will cause savings to be disintermediated into the informal sector and into potentially precarious ventures. When it comes to the economy, our experience has been that, more than just low interest rates, an economy needs ancillary credit conditions and aprudent credit culture to grow in a salubrious sustainable manner. In the short run, the Malaysian regime has undertaken measures to provide rudimental goods and accommodations at more affordable prices, undertaken efforts to ascertain adequate supplies of rudimentary goods, and introduced the monitoring of price increases by firms to address profiteering.
The central bank has a role to play in expounding the factors that affect the inflation rate. This is concretely consequential with deference to shocks that have a transitionary impact on inflation. It has been observed that there is asymmetric coverage by the media with deference to inflation, with more coverage being given to inflation when it is incrementing and little or no coverage when it is low or declining. When inflation is incrementing in replication to a series of supply shocks, such pervasive media coverage could aliment into, and hyperbolize, public perceptions of the genuine inflation rate. The outcome could be exorbitant demands for higher wages. Given the open nature of the Malaysian economy, the exchange rate is a consequential economic variable. The incremented volatility of the exchange rate has become a key consideration in public perceptions about inflation and corporate price.
Suggestion To adoptive economic growth it entails both an exact analysis of the factors defining or compelling its growth recital and an appropriate procedure prescription concerning the macroeconomic policies and organizational reforms needed to accomplish higher and maintainable growth. The involvement of monetary policy to economic growth, an issue which has long been the subject of theoretical and policy debates among economists. At the current stage, with feeble growth and level talk of deflation jeopardies, and given real or perceived restraints on economic strategies, cumulative interest, the dispute has infrequently become rather frenzied, and there have been frequent calls from candidates and instructors for monetary policy to recompense more consideration to growth. In entirety, monetary policy cannot be predictable to directly subsidize to raising long-standing economic growth, nevertheless it can foster sustainable growth by upholding an setting of price constancy. It is frequently contended, though, that monetary policy can and must seek to stabilise yield around its latent growth path in the short and medium run.
Two general conclusions emerge concerning the contribution of financial policy to economic process is first, financial policy can not be expected to lift growth sustainably within the long-term and also the second is though financial policy will play a helpful role over the medium term, the scope of such a task is also restricted by the pursuit of the first objective of value stability, the character of the financial policy mechanism, and by different factors, as well as the uncertainty facing policy manufacturers and also the stance of economic policies. The preceding observations support a general proposition by currently wide recognised. though the preservation of worth stability and also the implementation of sound political economy policies area unit necessary to foster sustained growth, structural reforms area unit essential the most policy instrument for increasing long-run growth within the monetary unit space.
More specifically, there are two complementary routes through that its doable to lift trend economic process. the primary is to get rid of obstacles to the economical use of resources by up the functioning of market mechanisms. as an example, by reforming labour market establishments, it ought to be doable to cut back structural state. The ensuing higher labour input ought to enable the extent of output to extend, giving a brief boost to economic process till state fell to a brand new, lower, property level. The second route involves implementing policies that for good raise economic process. this needs data of the factors that drive the expansion method in developed economies.
There is intensive literature that seeks to spot the variables influencing economic process over the longer run. Corporeal and human capital accretion, revolution, entrepreneurship, opposition, the rule of law and consequently the extent of presidency venture are vital factors. As mentioned earlier, a number of the empirical studies on the link between inflation and growth may be criticised for his or her failure to require under consideration each inflation and different factors that will verify economic process. The effectiveness, however, with that financial policy will perform a stabilizing role is restricted by many factors. These embrace the uncertainty relating to the temporal order and magnitude of its effects, that part reflects the dynamics of the cycle, the character of expectations and also the kind of shocks poignant the important economy. For instance, in associate surroundings of terribly low interest rates and inflation or once the implementation of the suitable economic policies is affected , say by political obstacles to structural reform. In such things, the effectiveness of financial policy would depend upon the underlying causes of the economic weakness and on the stance of alternative policies. Monetary policy could also be more practical if the issues being moon-faced square measure perceived as impermanent , for instance, caused by a short lived decline in shopper confidence.
In such circumstances, a short lived financial easing that doesnt endanger value stability might offer a input to assist economic agents address a diurnal holdup. If, however, the economic issues square measure persistent or structural in nature, then financial policy is probably going to be less effective. as an example, if companies square measure reluctant to take a position due to structural impediments implying few profitable business opportunities, a short-run financial easing is unlikely to form a lot of distinction. In such circumstances, structural reforms geared toward raising trend growth will facilitate restore confidence and improve the animal spirits of investors. In this manner a modification within the financial policy stance will become simpler. Moreover, structural reforms that cause a rise in combination offer and larger worth flexibility are often expected to scale back top risks to cost stability and thus provide financial policy additional scope for manoeuvre. At this juncture, so as to hurry up economic recovery and deliver the goods higher and property growth in Malaya, its necessary for economic policies to strengthen confidence and enhance the aggressiveness of the Malaysian economy.
to the present finish, the implementation of credible commercial enterprise consolidation methods, supported growth-enhancing measures, will boost confidence and personal outlay and therefore counteract the direct effects of fund measures on mixture demand. More significantly, the introduction of structural reforms to enhance productivity and market flexibility is crucial for increasing potential growth similarly as international aggressiveness in an exceedingly sustained approach. These improvements may moreover facilitate to spread assurance within the monetary unit areas competence to produce, with favourable possessions on mixture mandate and economic motion within the petite run. Monetary policy cannot facilitate to unravel the structural issues restrictive the expansion performance of the monetary unit space. The implementation of commercial enterprise consolidation methods and structural reforms in Member States can facilitate the conduct of the MCBs financial policy so it will foster growth combined with the upkeep of worth stability.
These issues lead American state to conclude that the conduct of associate activist, fine-tuning countercyclical financial policy involves additional risks than potential edges and will be avoided below traditional circumstances. Nevertheless, its attainable to conceive of explicit circumstances, triggered by severe shocks, once financial policy will play a job in stabilizing output around its potential growth path. Such a policy would need to be enforced fastidiously and systematically with the central banks commitment to its primary objective of maintaining value stability. It ought to even be communicated effectively so public expectations and also the central banks believability wouldnt be adversely affected. The precise nature of the policy reaction can, of course, rely upon the character of the shock as, as an example, the response to associate degree adverse offer shock would be terribly totally different from the response to a requirement shock.
so as to estimate the cash demand in Asian nation, new cash demand perform is usually recommended to be shaped. Advertising expenditure is a crucial economic indicator that may boost the economy growth of Malaysia further as demand for cash among the state. However, advertising expenditure is sensitive to the economic shock. Advertising defrayal is that the steered variable which will be appropriate to be enclosed within the cash demand operate. Advertising is another approach that has data concerning the product to the general public and mass media is a good medium for advertising. Advertising could be a powerful tool of competition. Through advertising, the households responsive to the market condition of the product in terms of value and placement. Advertising typically makes an attempt to steer potential customers to buy the product.
client behavior within the market is very important to the economy growth. It will bring multiplier factor effects towards the economy growth. the strain of the shoppers produce profitable returns to the corporations that manufacture merchandise and services.
An increase in market demand implies a rise in transactions and thereby, will increase cash holdings. Besides that, advertising helps to facilitate new entry of companies and merchandise into high competitive market. The new companies will promote their merchandise associate degreed services in an economical and cost-efficient manner. this means that the reduction in government revenue would improve the performance of the expansion and conjointly exert upward pressure on costs. The conduct of financial policy in an exceedingly little open economy has continually been additional difficult than in larger and additional closed economies. The structural evolution of the Malaysian economy towards being primarily domestic demand-driven whereas at identical nowadays additional hospitable world worth developments has been, and can still be, the topic of analysis at the financial institution. The financial organization views the continued structural reforms as useful in terms of creating the economy a lot of versatile and responsive.
The rate can become a lot of alert to economic developments and this may actually facilitate the conduct of financial policy. However, the fast pace at that a number of these value changes square measure occurring will create short- and medium-term challenges. Over the short term, the challenge is to clarify higher inflation to the general public and to manage inflation expectations. Over the medium term, the challenge is to adapt the central banks analytical and police work tools to confirm that they still give applicable steering to the setting of financial policy. The ought to develop associate understanding regarding however households and businesses are reacting to the new surroundings and also the potential implications of any modification in behaviour for inflation and growth. Moreover, deregulating is one in all the answer. This policy will increase output while not inflicting associate degree inflationary concern. deregulating may be understood as gap up the marketplace for bigger competition .
When there area unit additional companies connection the trade, the amount of output can increase. Also, to take care of their client base, theyre unlikely to charge high value. Lower value and better productivity may end up in a rise in value, aboard with a positive multiplier factor impact, the governments would currently have additional resources to be rechanneled into braving the matter of high difference. with the exception of all of those, governments ought to conjointly specialize in the issues inflicting inequalities. One among the issue may well be misallocation of resources.
Hence, before any implementation of large projects, governments have to be extra cautious to protect the welfare of people and also the sustainability economy. BBEK4203PRINCIPLES OF MACROECONOMIC PAGE MERGEFORMAT 6 35Sgw,qlX,1c@1w1cdtcVwcJO1c@W2j1cd4cVwcJO1c@W2j1cd4cVwcJO1c@W2j1cd4cVwcqJFbH_cK VrDEc6_F_h7h( 4xoqZ/ WomZeX40UVA,Sr7do@l6auzWBb7An UaL/L P0V/yQ 9GyKaM9C/1 d, v6aWq5q6E6BbCUH-gJs)e8fI3HUH7s3dzWMLYcYFqUfI CNNyZlz(pmmdzA0F6 5XXRvJPeTAU7AtaZvf2g68yWu)X5YcDWg3_.Rza(Rsag7a7Qhh-KJVnHAet7wQFX(3 sYF(vxAqmVlFOFUk(eJ/JJDSpxMdx6g/GVjMksXxaK O(OT7JuCjf3GNFiU 76uiLubvIAu64p4 -5oSrWe2n45 Wkt@Q6Iemh 2YlI-798 0.9yqcf7N_LiKjWcGthbmKK.CHL5k6IjmHmVV .sUniD1nWux2fo1b@cG,aG Rsjp7/RcV2xiPWZ U@@Bz_QnjD OuEPB45kHjXBVbY9 YE,/SdXojyClN6NC4VZ_T9gF /XwL7@PbfgI 5Ap,3gaI.
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